法医毒物学决策中的情境偏差研究  

Perception into Contextual Bias Infl uencing Decision Making in Forensic Toxicology

作　　者：何宁[1] 王玲[1] 郝红霞[1,2] HE Ning;WANG Ling;HAO Hongxia(China University of Political Science and Law(CUPSL),Beijing 100088,China;CUPSL-based Key Laboratory(Ministry of Education)of Evidence Science&2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization,Beijing 100088,China)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学,北京100088 [2]证据科学教育部重点实验室〔中国政法大学〕,2011计划司法文明协同创新中心,北京100088

出　　处：《刑事技术》2022年第3期285-294,共10页Forensic Science and Technology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(81871523);中国政法大学青年教师学术创新团队资助项目(18CXTD09);中国政法大学科研创新项目(1000/10818412)。

摘　　要：由与分析任务不相关的案件背景信息造成的情境偏差是认知法庭科学领域最为关注的一类认知偏差。近二十年来,大量的错误鉴定案例、理论与实证研究以及官方调查报告已经证明了情境偏差对法庭科学决策的影响,尤其是对基于经验和主观解释的形态比对学科,如指纹、笔迹、工具痕迹等。最近的几个报道表明,情境偏差甚至会影响到DNA分型、法医毒物学这类基于仪器和客观量化的实验室分析学科。本文首先介绍了情境偏差的概念与认知法庭科学的发展历史,然后举例阐述了法医毒物学工作流程中情境偏差的影响,并总结了目前关于支持或反对专家接触情境信息的一些争论,最后提出了建立信息管理程序、加强认知教育培训、开展盲态验证、完善记录、实时更新技术等五个偏差控制措施,以期为开展国内毒物分析实验室中认知偏差的理论和实证研究提供借鉴与参考。For cognitive forensics,contextual bias is used to describe an inclination that the results of a forensic analysis are infl uenced from task-irrelevant background information.Over the past twenty years,such correlative events occurred and/or were reported with erroneous identifi cations(e.g.,Brandon Mayfi eld Case in 2004),theoretical and empirical researches(e.g.,one of the best known forensic bias research papers by Dror,Peron and Charlton in 2006)and offi cial notices(e.g.,The U.S.National Research Council report on forensic science in 2009),demonstrating that contextual bias can infl uence decision making in forensic science,especially in empirical and subjective disciplines based on visual pattern recognition(among them are perhaps the inclusions of traditional examinations of fi ngerprint,handwriting,toolmark and others alike).Several recent publications suggest that contextual bias can even affect objective and quantitative instrument-based disciplines,mentioning about DNA typing,forensic toxicology.Here,an introduction was fi rstly carried out into the contextual bias about its conception and history of cognitive forensics,followed to respectively illustrate the effect of contextual bias on screening test,confi rmatory analysis and result interpretation in forensic toxicology practice.Moreover,discussions were made with the current disagreements on whether examinators should be exposed to contextual information,having summarized three points against access to task-irrelevant background information:role’s confusion of forensic scientist,illusional reasoning and subconscious cognitive bias.Finally,six measures were proposed about bias controlling from information management procedure,cognitive education and training,blind verification,detailed document to updating technique.There is a big expectation about cognitive forensics in China,demanding launching active cooperations between forensic scientists and cognitive psychologists to investigate cognitive factors in forensic science practice.

关 键 词：法医毒物学 认知法庭科学 认知偏差 情境偏差 主观决策 

分 类 号：DF795.1[医药卫生—法医学]