中国北方集中供暖用户节能行为的激励分散效应检验及其定量测度  

Testing and measuring the split incentive effect on energy saving behavior of heat consumers in northern China

作　　者：聂洪光[1] 常洋洋 莫建雷 NIE Hongguang;CHANG Yangyang;MO Jianlei(School of Economics and Management,Changchun University of Science and Technology,Changchun Jilin 130022,China;Center for Energy and Environmental Policy research,Institutes of Science and Development,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190,China)

机构地区：[1]长春理工大学经济管理学院,吉林长春130022 [2]中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院能源与环境政策研究中心,北京100190

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2022年第4期34-43,共10页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目课题“推动产业与区域协同有序适应气候变化的理论和综合模式”(批准号:2020YFA0608602);国家自然科学基金项目“不确定条件下的碳市场风险管理与政策机制设计研究”(批准号:71774153);教育部人文社会科学研究项目“基于经济和生态效用视角下的家庭节能行为影响机制研究”(批准号:20YJC790101);中国科学院青年创新促进会资助。

摘　　要：目前中国北方集中供暖地区主要采用按建筑面积收取固定取暖费用的方式,这导致供热企业和用热居民之间形成一种委托-代理关系,进而可能产生激励分散效应,即居民在实际用热过程中节能没有收益,浪费没有成本,从而导致节能动机不足和用能浪费行为。该研究首次基于典型城市调查数据证实了中国北方集中供暖地区按建筑面积收取固定取暖费用条件下因委托-代理关系产生的节能行为激励分散效应的存在;进一步以按热量计费的典型西欧国家为参照,应用二值选择模型定量测度了这种激励分散效应的大小。研究结果表明,与按热量付费制度相比,按面积支付固定取暖费用的中国北方集中供热居民用能浪费行为显著,其采取节能行为的可能性低32.6%~42.1%,而通过克服委托代理关系产生的激励分散效应,中国北方集中供暖系统仍有很大的节能潜力。据此作者提出建议:对实行集中供暖的北方地区居民楼安装热量计量表,并将收费方式从按面积收取固定费用转向按实际用热量收取费用,从而可显著降低中国北方供暖能耗和相关碳排放。At present,heat consumption in northern China is charged by floor area,leading to a split incentive effect as a result of the principal-agent relationship between heating enterprises and heat consumers.Specifically,there is no benefit to saving energy and no cost when wasting energy in the process of heat consumption,which provides little incentive for the residents to save energy.The exis⁃tence of a principal-agent problem and the corresponding split incentive effect caused by the heating charging system in northern China were empirically confirmed using data on the energy saving behavior in Beijing and Changchun.Furthermore,the binary selection mod⁃el was used to measure the split incentive effect quantitatively by taking the typical western European countries as the reference in this study.The results showed that compared with the residents under the heat charging system measured by energy consumption,the resi⁃dents who paid a fixed heating bill under the central heating system measured by floor area in northern China were less likely to save en⁃ergy.Specifically,the probability for the residents in northern China to save energy was lower than that for the western European coun⁃tries by between 32.6%and 42.1%.There was a great potential to reduce energy consumption in northern China by solving the princi⁃pal-agent problem.Therefore,it is proposed to install heat meters in residential buildings in northern China where central heating is im⁃plemented and change the charging system from a fixed charge based on floor area to a charging system based on actual heat consump⁃tion,so as to reduce heating energy consumption and related carbon emissions in northern China.

关 键 词：中国北方集中供暖 取暖收费方式 委托-代理 激励分散效应 

分 类 号：F205[经济管理—国民经济]