超轻碳气凝胶的机械鲁棒性增强策略及其应用  

Enhancement Strategies for Mechanical Robustness of Carbon Aerogels and Their Applications

作　　者：郭凡 杨操 郭锐 姜炜[1] GUO Fan;YANG Cao;GUO Rui;JIANG Wei(National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China,Nanjing University of Science&Technology,Nanjing 210094,P.R.China)

机构地区：[1]南京理工大学国家特种超细粉体工程技术研究中心,南京210094

出　　处：《应用数学和力学》2022年第5期499-514,共16页Applied Mathematics and Mechanics

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费(30920041106);中国博士后科学基金(2021M690134);江苏省自然科学基金(BK20210353)。

摘　　要：作为一种轻质多孔材料,碳气凝胶是一类具有高孔隙率、低密度和优异环境稳定性的碳质多功能固体材料,这些独特性能的结合使得它们在柔性传感器、能源设备、声学设备和环境保护等领域得到广泛应用.然而,在现有多孔材料中普遍存在着机械鲁棒性和稀疏三维网络结构间的矛盾.良好的鲁棒性可以确保气凝胶在应用过程中的结构完整性和性能稳定性,而稀疏三维网络结构则是确保气凝胶材料轻质多孔的结构前提,这一矛盾是材料科学、固体力学和设计应用等诸多领域研究者面临的共同挑战.该文综述了常见的国内外超轻碳气凝胶的鲁棒性增强策略,包括细胞壁(cell wall)增强、细胞壁取向调控、细胞壁拓扑结构设计和结点强化(joint reinforcement).此外,该文总结了在不引入高分子弹性体的情况下实现超轻全碳气凝胶的拉伸弹性的设计原则,简要概述了高鲁棒性碳气凝胶的新应用,并对该领域尚待解决的问题提出了展望.As a newly emerging light porous material,carbon aerogels are a class of carbonaceous solid materials with high porosity,low density and excellent environmental stability.With the combination of high elasticity,high energy absorption,as well as special properties such as shock absorption,sound absorption and electromagnetic shielding,carbon aerogels are both functional and structural,and widely applied in the fields of flexible sensors,energy equipment,acoustic equipment and environmental protection.However,the existing general conflicts between the mechanical robustness and the intrinsic sparse network in porous aerogel materials have been a common challenge faced by researchers in fields of material science,solid mechanics,design,application and so on.Good robustness could ensure the structural integrity and performance stability of aerogels in the application process,while the sparse network is the prerequisite to ensure the lightweight and porous structure of aerogels.Here,the recent enhancement strategies for the mechanical robustness,including cell-wall strengthening,cell-wall orientation,pore topology controlling and joint reinforcement,were discussed.Specially,the advanced design principles to realize the tensile elasticity in ultra-light all-carbon aerogels without intrinsic stretchable elastomers,were summarized.In addition,the recent applications of robust carbon aerogels were reviewed and the problems to be solved in this field were listed.

关 键 词：碳气凝胶 机械鲁棒性 微结构控制 可拉伸性 

分 类 号：O341[理学—固体力学]