中国北欧两项运动员核心竞技能力特征及训练策略分析  

Analysis of Core Athletic Ability Characteristics and Training Strategies of Chinese Nordic Combined Athletes

作　　者：张栋 资薇 陈聪航 曹春梅 ZHANG Dong;ZI Wei;CHEN Conghang;CAO Chunmei(Division of Sports Science and Physical Education,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China;Institute of Sports Science,General Administration of Sport,Beijing 100061,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学体育部,北京100084 [2]国家体育总局体育科学研究所,北京100061

出　　处：《首都体育学院学报》2022年第3期321-332,共12页Journal of Capital University of Physical Education and Sports

基　　金：国家重点研发计划“科技冬奥”重点专项(2020YFF0304605)。

摘　　要：目的:探讨和分析中国北欧两项运动员与世界级运动员的核心竞技能力特征差异,为中国运动员改进训练方法和提高训练效率提供理论依据。方法:运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、测试法、数理统计法对北欧两项运动员身体形态、身体机能、技术动作、比赛表现、训练计划、培养理念等方面的数据进行统计,分析北欧两项运动员的核心竞技能力特征。结果:中国北欧两项运动员与世界级北欧两项运动员的身体形态具有相似性,最大摄氧量、最大通气量、最大乳酸和最大呼吸商均低于世界级北欧两项运动员;中国北欧两项运动员在跳台滑雪时,蹬动距离较短、助滑动作的稳定性不足、起跳动作的准确性和流畅性不足、空中飞行时迎角较大、作出落地动作较早;在越野滑雪专项力量、滑行技术和比赛经验方面,中国北欧两项运动员与世界级北欧两项运动员存在较大差距。在训练计划和训练理念方面,中国北欧两项运动员低强度耐力训练时长占比小,更重视核心力量和跳台专项训练;选材注重运动员的身体素质、心理能力和身体形态;在训练方面,强调运动员的基本动作练习、实战练习和发展具有专项特点的身体素质。结论:中国北欧两项运动员和世界级北欧两项运动员的核心竞技能力特征存在较大差异。身体形态和身体机能的影响因素是选材理念和训练计划,训练策略是重视跳台滑雪运动员和越野滑雪运动员的兼项培养,通过高比例的低强度有氧训练奠定耐力素质的基础,采用间歇性训练等无氧高强度训练手段刺激提升无氧阈和最大功率;技术和比赛特征的影响因素是训练理念、心理素质和比赛经验,训练策略是综合分析运动员专项技术动作和姿态的准确性和经济性,加强身体小肌群和关节的功能性训练,重视风洞和模拟训练在运动员姿态纠正和环境适应上的有Objective:To explore and analyze the differences in core athletic ability characteristics between Chinese Nordic combined and world-class athletes,and to provide a theoretical basis for athletes to improve their training methods and training efficiency.Methods:The data of Nordic combined athletes'physical form,physical function,technical movement,competition performance,training program and training philosophy were statistically analyzed by applying literature,questionnaires,testing method,mathematical statistics to summarize the core athletic ability characteristics of Nordic combined athletes.Results:Chinese Nordic combined athletes and world-class athletes have similar body shape,maximum oxygen uptake,maximum ventilation,maximum lactate and maximum respiratory quotient are all lower than world-class Nordic combined athletes.In ski jumping,Chinese Nordic combined athletes have a short pedaling distance,inadequate stability of the skiing action,accuracy and fluency of the jumping action,larger attack angle when flying in the air,and earlier landing action.there is a big gap between the cross-country skiing special strength,gliding technology and competition experience with world-class Nordic combined athletes.In the training program and philosophy,Chinese athletes have a low proportion of time for low-intensity endurance training,with more emphasis on core strength and special training for skipping;the talent selection focuses on the physical quality,mental ability and physical form of the athletes,and training emphasizes the accumulation of basic movement exercises,practical exercises and the development of special features and physical qualities of the athletes.Conclusion:There are significant differences in core athletic ability characteristics between Chinese and world-class Nordic combined athletes.The influencing factors of physical form and physical function are the selection philosophy and training program characteristics,and the training strategy is to pay attention to the training of ski jumping and cr

关 键 词：北欧两项 越野滑雪 跳台滑雪 核心竞技能力 训练策略 

分 类 号：G804.63[文化科学—运动人体科学]