汉英句子时序律和空序律对比探究  

On the principles of temporal and spatial sequence demonstrated by Chinese and English word orders in sentences

作　　者：王佳敏 王文斌 WANG Jiamin;WANG Wenbin

机构地区：[1]北京外国语大学中国外语与教育研究中心/国家语言能力发展研究中心,100089

出　　处：《语言教学与研究》2022年第3期36-47,共12页Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies

基　　金：国家语委2021年度重点项目“服务文明互鉴的外语教育学科体系建设与实践研究”(ZDI145-8)的阶段性成果;“北京外国语大学北京高校高精尖学科‘外语教育学’建设项目”的支持。

摘　　要：本文借助“显体—背衬”理论,探察时间顺序原则和空间顺序原则对汉英语序的作用范围及其表现异同,并尝试从强弱时空性思维视角阐析其深层缘由。研究发现主要有二:1)汉英语言均倾向按时间先后依次排列两个或多个彼此关联、表达顺时范畴的行为事件,将事件核心前置于结果和时量补语或动量补语,遵从时序律,但两者均倾向于将焦点附加语、观点附加语或强调附加语前置于事件核心,遵守空序律。2)汉语受“背衬优先”认知定势影响,易遵循空序律,偏好将事件中的背景、附加语及副事件前置,表现出空间顺序正语序,该原则也适用于汉语特殊句;而英语受“显体优先”认知定势影响,偏爱将事件中的相关修饰性成分后置,表现出空间顺序逆语序。汉英语序分布差异根源于汉英民族的强弱时空性思维差异。Based on the“Figure-Ground”theory,this paper intends to look into the similarities and differences of the effect of the Principle of Temporal Sequence(PTS)and the Principle of Spatial Sequence(PSS)on the word orders in Chinese and English sentences,from the perspective of spatiotemporal ways of thinking.It is found that there is a tendency for both Chinese and English to temporally sequence two or more related and successive events and to make the predicate verb precede the result and the time-measure or verbal-measure complements because of the effect of PTS,while due to PSS,the two languages tend to make the predicate verb follow focus adjuncts,viewpoint adjuncts or emphatic adjuncts.The Chinese pro-ground mode of cognition is inclined to use the preceding background,adjuncts and subordinate clauses of events,showing its preference for PSS with the range of space from large to small,while the English pro-figure mode of cognition promotes the postposition of the relevant modifier components of events with the range of space from small to large.These differences in question are motivated by the strongly spatial way of thinking by Chinese speakers and the strongly temporal mode of thinking by English speakers.

关 键 词：时间顺序原则 空间顺序原则 背衬优先 显体优先 强弱时空性思维 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语] H314