中国及全球陆地生态系统碳源汇特征及其对碳中和的贡献  

Terrestrial carbon sinks in China and around the world and their contribution to carbon neutrality

作　　者：杨元合[1,2] 石岳 孙文娟 常锦峰[3] 朱剑霄 陈蕾伊 王欣 郭焱培[5] 张宏图[5] 于凌飞 赵淑清 徐亢 朱江玲[5] 沈海花 王媛媛[1] 彭云峰[1] 赵霞 王襄平 胡会峰 陈世苹[1,2] 黄玫[7] 温学发[2,7] 王少鹏[5] 朱彪 牛书丽[2,7] 唐志尧 刘玲莉[1,2] 方精云 YANG YuanHe;SHI Yue;SUN WenJuan;CHANG JinFeng;ZHU JianXiao;CHEN LeiYi;WANG Xin;GUO YanPei;ZHANG HongTu;YU LingFei;ZHAO ShuQing;XU Kang;ZHU JiangLing;SHEN HaiHua;WANG YuanYuan;PENG YunFeng;ZHAO Xia;WANG XiangPing;HU HuiFeng;CHEN ShiPing;HUANG Mei;WEN XueFa;WANG ShaoPeng;ZHU Biao;NIU ShuLi;TANG ZhiYao;LIU LingLi;FANG JingYun(State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change,Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100093,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;College of Environmental and Resource Sciences,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,China;State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems,College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730020,China;Institute of Ecology,College of Urban and Environmental Sciences,Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China;School of Ecology and Nature Conservation,Beijing Forest University,Beijing 100083,China;Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院植物研究所,植被与环境变化国家重点实验室,北京100093 [2]中国科学院大学,北京100049 [3]浙江大学环境与资源学院,杭州310058 [4]兰州大学草地农业科技学院,草地农业生态系统国家重点实验室,兰州730020 [5]北京大学城市与环境学院,生态研究中心,地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室,北京100871 [6]北京林业大学生态与自然保护学院,北京100083 [7]中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室,北京100101

出　　处：《中国科学：生命科学》2022年第4期534-574,共41页Scientia Sinica(Vitae)

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(批准号:31988102)资助。

摘　　要：增强陆地生态系统碳汇(简称陆地碳汇)是减缓大气二氧化碳(CO_(2))浓度上升和全球变暖的重要手段,也是实现我国“碳中和”目标的有效途径.为全面理解陆地碳汇特征及其对实现“碳中和”目标的贡献,本文系统梳理了近40年来陆地碳源汇研究的主要进展,阐述了全球和我国陆地碳汇的时空格局及其驱动因素,分析了陆地碳汇对实现“碳中和”目标的作用.根据全球碳收支评估报告,过去60年全球陆地碳汇从1960年代的(-0.2±0.9)Pg C yr^(-1)(弱碳源;1 Pg=10^(15)g=10亿吨碳)增加至2010年代的(1.9±1.1)Pg C yr^(-1)(碳汇).目前,陆地碳汇主要分布在北半球中高纬度地区,而热带地区表现为微弱的碳汇或碳源.不同类型生态系统的碳汇大小存在差异:森林是陆地碳汇的主体,灌丛、湿地生态系统和农田土壤整体表现出碳汇功能,但草地的碳源汇功能尚不明确.此外,荒漠生态系统可能起着碳汇功能,但其大小和形成机制尚存在争议.大气CO_(2)浓度上升、氮沉降、气候变化和土地覆盖变化等是影响陆地碳汇强度的主要因素,火灾、气溶胶等因素也影响其大小.不同区域陆地碳汇的驱动因素存在差异:北美和欧洲陆地碳汇主要是大气CO_(2)浓度上升和气候变化等因素所致;而在中国,除了上述全球变化要素外,植树造林、生态修复也是驱动其碳汇的重要因素.综合以往研究结果评估,目前我国陆地碳汇强度为0.20~0.25 Pg C yr^(-1),预计2060年可能处于0.15~0.52 Pg C yr^(-1)之间.未来研究需通过扩大生态系统调查与监测的范围、完善陆地生物圈模型等途径提升陆地碳汇的评估精度,量化各类措施对生态系统碳汇潜力的影响,精准评估我国陆地碳汇对实现“碳中和”目标的贡献.Enhancing the terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink(referred to as terrestrial C sink)is an important way to slow down the continuous increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2))concentration and to achieve carbon neutrality target.To better understand the characteristics of terrestrial C sinks and their contribution to carbon neutrality,this review summarizes major progress in terrestrial C budget researches during the past decades,clarifies spatial patterns and drivers of terrestrial C sources and sinks in China and around the world,and examines the role of terrestrial C sinks in achieving carbon neutrality target.According to recent studies,the global terrestrial C sink has been increasing from a source of(-0.2±0.9)Pg C yr^(-1)(1 Pg=1015g)in the 1960s to a sink of(1.9±1.1)Pg C yr^(-1)in the 2010s.By synthesizing the published data,we estimate terrestrial C sink of 0.20–0.25 Pg C yr^(-1)in China during the past decades,and predicted it to be 0.15–0.52 Pg C yr^(-1)by 2060.The terrestrial C sinks are mainly located in the mid-and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere,while tropical regions act as a weak C sink or source.The C balance differs much among ecosystem types:forest is the major C sink;shrubland,wetland and farmland soil act as C sinks;and whether the grassland functions as C sink or source remains unclear.Desert might be a C sink,but the magnitude and the associated mechanisms are still controversial.Elevated atmospheric CO_(2)concentration,nitrogen deposition,climate change,and land cover change are the main drivers of terrestrial C sinks,while other factors such as fires and aerosols would also affect ecosystem C balance.The driving factors of terrestrial C sink differ among regions.Elevated CO_(2)concentration and climate change are major drivers of the C sinks in North America and Europe,while afforestation and ecological restoration are additionally important forcing factors of terrestrial C sinks in China.For future studies,we recommend the necessity for intensive and long-term ecosystem C

关 键 词：陆地生态系统 碳汇 碳中和 碳循环 全球变暖 

分 类 号：X171.1[环境科学与工程—环境科学]