突发公共卫生事件下村民委员会宪法定位的嬗变与归正——以新冠肺炎疫情防控为视角  

Evolution and reformation of the constitutional orientation of the villagers′committee under public health emergencies——From the perspective of prevention and control of COVID-19

作　　者：梁成意[1] 赵星寒 LIANG Cheng-yi;ZHAO Xing-han(East China Jiaotong University,Nanchang 330013 China)

机构地区：[1]华东交通大学人文社会科学学院,江西南昌330013

出　　处：《新余学院学报》2022年第3期54-61,共8页Journal of Xinyu University

摘　　要：基层群众自治性组织是村民委员会的宪法定位,从这一基本定位出发,村民委员会具有自治性、协助性和执行性三种不同职责。但是,在突发公共卫生事件背景下,村民委员会的宪法定位受到一定程度的突破:在规范层面上,《中华人民共和国突发事件应对法》《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》和《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》将自治性职责扩大至协助性职责,缺乏相应的宪法依据;在实践层面,存在村民委员会防控手段突破合法性框架、超越法定权限,村民自治权限缩以及村民委员会的组织架构难以对应急状态作出迅速反应等问题。为此,对村民委员会应急状态下法治化完善应从三个方面入手:在基本原则方面,妥善处理村民委员会自治性宪法定位与乡村社会秩序稳定之间的张力;在规范层面,完善《中华人民共和国宪法》中的“紧急状态”条款,并制定专门的紧急状态法,明确村民委员会自治性职责转化为协助性职责的宪法依据;在制度方面,完善村民参与应急行为决策过程的机制,坚守村民委员会自治性底线。The grassroots mass autonomous organization represents the constitutional orientation of the villagers′committee.Starting from this basic orientation,the villagers′committee has three different responsibilities:autonomy,assistance and execution.However,in the context of public health emergencies,the constitutional orientation of the villagers′committee has been broken through to a certain extent:at the normative level,the Law of the People′s Republic of China on Emergency Response,the Regulations on Response to Public Health Emergencies and The Law of the People′s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases expand the autonomous duties to auxiliary duties,which lacks corresponding constitutional basis;at the practical level,there are some problems such as the villagers′committee′s prevention and control measures breaking through the legal framework and exceeding the legal authority,the reduction of villagers′autonomy,and the difficulty of the villagers′committee′s organizational structure to respond quickly to emergency situations.Therefore,the improvement of the rule of law under the emergency state of the villagers′committee should start from three aspects:in terms of basic principles,we should properly handle the tension between the autonomous constitutional orientation of the villagers′committee and the stability of rural social order;in terms of norms,we should improve the“state of emergency”clause in the Constitution of the People′s Republic of China,and formulate a special emergency law to clarify the constitutional basis for the transformation of the autonomous duties of the villagers′committee into auxiliary duties;in terms of systems,we should improve the mechanism for villagers to participate in the decision-making process of emergency behaviors,and adhere to the bottom line of autonomy of the villagers′committee.

关 键 词：突发公共卫生事件 村民委员会 宪法定位 应急行为 

分 类 号：D922.1[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]