标准、质量、合格评定、计量的基本概念及其相互关系  

Basic Concepts of Standards,Quality,Conformity Assessment,Measurement and Their Interrelationships

作　　者：王平[1] 房庆[2] WANG Ping;FANG Qing(China National Institute of Standardization;National Institute of Metrology,China)

机构地区：[1]中国标准化研究院 [2]中国计量科学研究院

出　　处：《标准科学》2022年第4期14-19,共6页Standard Science

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“中国标准治理与全球贸易规则重构研究”(项目编号:17ZDA099)资助。

摘　　要：本文首先讨论了标准、质量、合格评定、计量的基本概念。标准是匹配问题解决方案,对实体(标准化对象)规定特征要求;质量是客体的固有特性满足要求的程度;合格评定是与产品、过程、体系、人员或机构(客体)有关的规定要求得到满足的证实;计量是利用技术和法制手段实现单位统一和量值准确可靠的测量。作者论证广义的标准、广义的质量、合格评定的客体(对象)基本一致,而广义标准概念中的“要求”也是广义质量(大质量)概念和合格评定概念中的“要求”;所不同的是,标准规定客体的特征要求;质量表示实体的实际特性与标准要求之间的差距;合格评定是证明实体的实际特征与标准要求之间的差距是否在允许的范围之内。计量需要标准的支撑,而计量又是标准、质量、合格评定的基础。This paper first discusses the concepts of standards,quality,conformity assessment,and measurement.Standard is the solution for matching problem,but also the requirements of entity characteristics;quality is the degree to which the inherent characteristics of the object meet the requirements;conformity assessment is the confirmation that the specified requirements related to the product,process,system,person or institution(object)are met;Measurement is the use of technical and legal means to achieve uniformity of units and accurate and reliable measurement of values.The authors argue that the objects(entity)of the broad standard,the broad quality and conformity assessment are basically the same,and that the"requirements"in the broad standard concept are also the"requirements"in the broad quality concept and the conformity assessment concept.The difference is that the standard specifies the characteristics of the object requirements;quality indicates the gap between the actual characteristics of the object and the standard requirements;conformity assessment is to prove whether the gap between the actual characteristics of the entity and the standard requirements is within the permissible range.Measurement needs the support of standards,and measurement is the basis of standards,quality and conformity assessment.

关 键 词：标准 质量 合格评定 计量 要求 特征 

分 类 号：F203[经济管理—国民经济]