热带珊瑚礁区海参的生境选择与生态作用  

Habitat preference and ecological function of sea cucumber in the tropical coral reef ecosystem

作　　者：高菲 许强 李秀保[1,2] 何林文 王爱民 GAO Fei;XU Qiang;LI Xiubao;HE Linwen;WANG Aimin(Ocean College,Hainan University,Haikou 570228,China;State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea,Hainan University,Haikou 570228,China)

机构地区：[1]海南大学海洋学院,海口570228 [2]海南大学南海海洋资源利用国家重点实验室,海口570228

出　　处：《生态学报》2022年第11期4301-4312,共12页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(42166005,42076097);国家重点研发计划(2019YFD0901304);海南省自然科学基金(2019RC070)。

摘　　要：珊瑚礁生态系统是一个高生产力、高生物多样性的特殊海洋生态系统,具有为生物提供栖息地、参与生物地球化学循环、防浪护岸、指示水体污染程度等生态功能。珊瑚礁生态系统的突出特点是其生境异质性很高,各种各样的生境斑块为种类繁多、习性各异的游泳和底栖生物提供栖息场所,这些礁栖生物通过参与各项生态过程而形成各种特定的功能群,共同完成重要的生态功能。在热带珊瑚礁生态系统中,海参是大型底栖动物区系的重要一员。种类繁多的海参具有各自不同的生境选择特征,通过摄食、运动等行为活动发挥着改良底质、促进有机物矿化和营养盐再生等生态作用。近几年来,全球热带海参受人类过度捕捞和珊瑚礁退化的影响而面临资源衰退、物种多样性丧失等问题,深入认识其生态学功能、加强热带海参资源保护迫在眉睫。综述了国内外热带珊瑚礁海参的基础生态学研究进展:海参对珊瑚礁生境斑块呈现显著的偏好选择特征以及种间差异和季节变动,不同生境斑块的食物质量、底质类型和水动力条件是影响海参生境偏好的重要因素;海参通过生物扰动可以改变珊瑚礁生境沉积物的含水量、渗透性、颗粒组成、再矿化率、无机营养物质释放速率以及孔隙水的化学梯度,并增加沉积物中的溶氧浓度、促进溶解在间隙水中的有机物扩散到水体中;海参摄食排粪过程可促进珊瑚礁生长并缓解海洋酸化对珊瑚礁的影响;热带海参可为多种生物提供栖息场所等。下一步研究应聚焦人为采捕压力下海参种群与资源变动、增殖种群变动规律及其与野生海参种群的竞争关系、查明增殖群体对珊瑚礁底栖动物群落的影响等方面。Coral reef ecosystem is a special marine ecosystem with high productivity and biodiversity, which has ecological functions such as providing habitat for organisms, participating in biogeochemical cycle, protecting shore from wave and indicating water pollution degree. The outstanding feature of coral reef ecosystem is its high habitat heterogeneity. Various habitat patches provide habitat for a wide variety of swimming and benthic organisms. These reef organisms form a variety of specific functional groups through participating in various ecological processes, and jointly fulfill important ecological functions. Sea cucumber is one of the most critical members of macrobenthic fauna in the tropical coral reef ecosystem. A variety of sea cucumber species have their unique habitat preference characteristics. They play the ecological roles in improving sediment profiles, promoting mineralization of organics and nutrients regeneration through their feeding and moving activities. In recent years, for the case of over-exploitation and coral reef degradation, the global tropical sea cucumbers have been facing bio-resource depletion and species diversity loss. Therefore, it is urgent to reveal the ecological function of tropical coral reef sea cucumbers and carry out the resource protection. In this paper, the ecological research progresses of the tropical coral reef sea cucumbers around the world are reviewed. There were obvious inter-species differences and seasonal variations in preference for coral reef patches, and the food quality, substrate type and hydrodynamic conditions were the important factors affecting sea cucumber′s preference of habitat patches. Through biodisturbance, sea cucumbers can change the water content, permeability, particle composition, remineralization rate, inorganic nutrient release rate and chemical gradient of pore water in the sediments of coral reef habitats, and increase the concentration of dissolved oxygen in sediments and promote the diffusion of organic matter dissolved in interstit

关 键 词：热带海参 珊瑚礁 生境偏好 生态功能 

分 类 号：Q958.8[生物学—动物学]