重大公共卫生事件下海商法适航标准的扩张与统一  

Expansion and Unification of Seaworthiness Standards in Maritime Law under the Major Public Health Events

作　　者：何丽新[1] 陈昊泽 HE Li-xin;CHEN Hao-ze(School of Law,Xiamen University,Xiamen 361005,China)

机构地区：[1]厦门大学法学院,福建厦门361005

出　　处：《海南大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2022年第3期151-161,共11页Journal of Hainan University （Humanities & Social Sciences）

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(18BFX208)。

摘　　要：新冠病毒引发的肺炎疫情对航运市场造成严重影响,暴露出中国海商法项下船舶适航标准存在的问题,客观标准限定于船体、配员、适货,时间标准固化于开航前与开航时。为满足后疫情时代对海上运输的更高要求,应变革解释论,将“使船舶适于航行”理解为一般性适航要求,针对实践中配员适航标准陷于形式判断的问题,应采扩大解释,纳入实质健康标准。立法论上,适航客观标准未包摄疫情防控要求造成主客观标准不符,应增加船舶建立覆盖全航程的疫情防控体制事项,并针对该事项有限度地将时间标准扩张至“海上航程中”。海上旅客运输法项下的适航标准混乱且薄弱,将具体标准与海上货物运输法相统一是可行的路径。海上运输法与海上保险法适航标准的裂缝不断扩大,基于实践对船舶适航要求的同一性,二者具有统一的可行性。The pneumonia pandemic caused by Covid-19 has made a serious impact on the shipping market,exposing the problems of ship seaworthiness standards in the clauses of maritime law in China. The objective standards are limited to the body of a ship, manning, and equipment while time standards are fixed before and during sailing. In order to meet the higher requirements of the marine transport in the era of post epidemic,the theory of interpretation is supposed to be modified to understand“making the ship seaworthy”as a general seaworthiness regulation. In practice, as the seaworthiness standard for the manning tends to be confined to the form of judgment, the interpretation should be extended to include the actual health standard. In view of legislation, the objective standard of seaworthiness does not involve the epidemic prevention and control,resulting in the discrepancy between the subjective and objective standards. Therefore, addition should be made about the issues of establishing an epidemic prevention and control system throughout the whole voyage.In correspondence, the time standard can be extended with limits to cover“the sea voyage”. As with the law of carriage of passengers by sea, the seaworthiness standards are confusing and weak, and it is a feasible approach to unify the specific standards with the law of carriage of goods by sea. As the gap continues to enlarge between the maritime transport law and the seaworthiness standards of maritime insurance law, there exists some feasibility for their unification on the basis of the identity of realistic requirements for ship seaworthiness.

关 键 词：船舶适航标准 海上运输法 海上保险法 重大公共卫生事件 冷链运输 

分 类 号：D996.19[政治法律—经济法学]