“亲子合同承担”:收养行为之教义学重构  

“The Parent-child Contract Takeover”:A Dogmatic Reconstruction of Adoption

作　　者：李永军[1] 张兰兰 Li Yongjun;Zhang Lanlan

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学民商经济法学院,北京102249

出　　处：《学海》2022年第3期159-172,共14页Academia Bimestris

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“民法典编纂的内部与外部体系研究”(项目号:18ZDA141);国家社科基金重点项目“民法典分则立法的外在与内在体系研究”(项目号:18AFX014)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：作为《民法典》婚姻家庭编的重要组成部分,收养制度亟需体系化。收养行为当事人之确定,关键在于收养人的收养意思、送养人的送养意思以及被收养人同意之间的结合关系。其中,8周岁以上被收养人同意属于未成年人可以独立实施的与其年龄、智力相适应的法律行为,收养人的收养意思与送养人的送养意思构成收养合同,二者共同形成我国特有的收养合同模式。在该模式下,收养行为当事人是收养人与送养人,被收养人则为利害关系人。这种收养合同并非为第三人利益合同,而属于送养人与收养人之间须经被收养人同意的转让亲子合同地位的合同,故可以重构为“亲子合同承担”。其成立要件是收养人与送养人的合意,且该合意须在收养登记员面前作出;生效要件为被收养人在登记员面前作出同意,以及登记证的发放。在收养关系解除的情形下,收养人与送养人作为当事人解除的是亲子合同承担,而收养人与成年被收养人作为当事人解除的是亲子合同。借此,收养行为的成立与生效得以区分,收养关系的解除规则亦可自洽,收养制度从而实现体系整合。As an important part of the Marriage and Family Chapter of the Civil Code,the adoption system urgently needs to be systematized.The key to determining the parties to the adoption is not whether to recognize the subjectivity of the adopter,the person placing out the child for adoption and the adoptee,but to determine the combined relationship between the three expressions of intention.Among them,the consent of the adoptee above the age of eight is a juridical act commensurate with his or her age and intelligence that a minor may perform alone,the intention to adopt and the intention to place out of a child for adoption constitute an adoption contract,thus together constitute an adoption model with local characteristics which different from the German adoption contract model.Under this model,the parties involved in the adoption contract are only the adopter and the person placing out the child for adoption,while the adoptee is the interested party.This mode of adoption contract should not be constructed as a true third-party benefit contract,but the contract between the adopter and the person placing out the child for adoption that requires the consent of the adoptee to transfer the status of the parent-child relationship,thus should be reconstructed into a parent-child contract takeover.Its establishment requirements hereof are the agreement of the adopter and the person placing out the child for adoption,and to express in front of the adoption registrar;the effective requirements are the adoptee’s consent in front of the adoption registrar,and the registrar shall register and issue a registration certificate.In this way,the establishment requirements and effective requirements of the adoption can be distinguished,the rules for the termination of the adoption relationship can also be self-consistent,and the adoption system therefore has achieved system integration.

关 键 词：收养行为 收养关系 被收养人同意 亲子合同承担 体系化 

分 类 号：D923.9[政治法律—民商法学]