英国议会圈地与乡村景观的重塑  

English Parliamentary Enclosure and the Remaking of Country Landscape

作　　者：倪正春[1] Ni Zhengchun

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学社会发展学院,江苏南京210097

出　　处：《学海》2022年第3期193-204,共12页Academia Bimestris

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“英国议会圈地档案文献的整理、翻译与研究”(项目号:21BSS025)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在18、19世纪的英国议会圈地中,乡村景观进行了大规模的重塑。田地由混杂交错的条田和敞开的荒地转变为相对规则的围田;住房由集中于村庄中心转变为分散到圈地之后的分配地上;道路体系也相应进行了调整,道路更宽更直;耕地中的排水系统得到了改造,同时兴建了沼泽湿地的排水工程。圈地委员会在圈地法案的执行中握有绝对权力,但是在改造景观的过程中则一定程度上考虑到教区居民的权利和需求,考虑到地形地貌和历史遗迹等要素。教区居民并没有被排除在景观改造之外,基本上能参与所在地区的圈地实践,提出诉求甚至进行反抗。议会圈地对乡村景观的重塑体现了人类改造景观过程中人与人之间,人与自然之间关系的冲突与调适。During the English Parliamentary Enclosure in the 18th and 19th centuries English country landscape underwent a large-scale reconstruction.The fields have changed from mixed strip fields and open wastes to relatively regular enclosure fields;farm-houses which,before enclosure,had been sited within the old village closes,moved out into the dispersed allotments;the road system has been adjusted accordingly,and the roads became wider and straighter;the drainage system in cultivated land has been reformed and the drainage project of marsh wetland has been built.Enclosure commissioners had absolute powers in landscape reconstruction,but they fully took into account of the rights and needs of parish residents,topography and historical relics.Local people were not excluded from landscape remaking,whereas able to participate in the whole enclosure process of the region,putting forward demands or carrying on oppositions.The remaking of landscape during the period of Parliamentary Enclosure reflects the conflict and adjustment of the relationship between people and people,people and nature.

关 键 词：英国 议会圈地 乡村景观 

分 类 号：D756.1[政治法律—政治学] F313[政治法律—中外政治制度]