合宪性审查的百年历程与未来展望  

The 200-Year Development and Future Prospect of Constitutional Review

作　　者：王锴[1] Wang Kai

机构地区：[1]北京航空航天大学法学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2022年第3期68-85,共18页Global Law Review

基　　金：2019年度国家社会科学基金重大研究专项“以法规备案审查制度彰显社会主义核心价值观研究”(19VHJ015)的研究成果。

摘　　要：自1803年算起,合宪性审查制度已经走过了两百多年的历史,在全世界发展出了七种模式。合宪性审查经过了建立、发展和扩散三个阶段的发展,不仅呈现出美国模式与欧洲大陆模式相互靠拢、民主正当性不断增强、技术性不断提高等特点,同时也出现了合宪性审查机关与立法机关的关系协调、合宪性审查与政治的关系协调、合宪性审查机关与普通法院的关系协调等新情况与新问题。在国际制度竞争日益激烈的情况下,中国特色的合宪性审查制度不仅助力于我国全面依法治国的实现,也将为世界合宪性审查制度提供中国智慧和中国方案。The constitutional review system has a history of more than two hundred years since its establishment in 1803.Currently,constitutional review systems in the world can be divided into seven models:the American judicial review model,the continental European model,the hybrid model,the French model,the Commonwealth model,the parliamentary review model and the Chinese model.Constitutional review has undergone three stages of development:the establishment stage,the development stage,and the diffusion stage.This development process is characterized not only by the convergence of the American judicial review model and the continental European model and the continuous strengthening of the legitimacy of democracy and improvement of technicality,but also by the emergence of the following three new situations and new problems:(1)The relationship between the constitutional review body and the legislature.Traditionally,a passive legislative position has been adhered to in constitutional review.However,in recent years,constitutional review,especially the Constitutional Court model,has shown a trend towards positive legislation.In order to ease the tension between the constitutional review body and the legislature,or to prevent the constitutional review body from replacing the legislature in legislation,some methods have been developed to restrain the power of constitutional review,including constitutional presumption and review intensity.(2)The relationship between constitutional review and politics.The debate between Kelsen and Schmitt about“who is the guardian of the constitution”actually involves the nature of constitutional review:legal or political.From the perspective of the role played by constitutional review in supervising and constraining politics,constitutional review has to keep a certain distance from politics.At the same time,if a constitutional review organ does not pay attention to maintaining its own neutrality,its supervision of politics will be easily eroded by politics,leading to the problem of judicial

关 键 词：合宪性审查 民主正当性 政治问题 立法机关 普通法院 

分 类 号：D921[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]