全国人大常委会宪法地位的历史变迁与体系展开  

Formation History and Specification of the Constitutional Status of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress

作　　者：钱坤 QIAN Kun

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学法学院

出　　处：《法学研究》2022年第3期67-85,共19页Chinese Journal of Law

基　　金：中国人民大学重大规划项目“中国人权思想史”(20XNLG02)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：全国人大常委会的宪法地位是在历史变迁中逐步形成的,其具体呈现为三重面相的叠加。作为最高国家权力机关的常设机关,全国人大常委会与全国人大不具有组织或职权一体性,二者之间的关联本质上是功能性关联。作为行使国家立法权的机关,全国人大常委会与全国人大并非同质替代,而是有所分工。全国人大常委会的立法若涉及重大价值决定,应当遵循全国人大的判断;在不涉及重大价值决定时,全国人大常委会可以充分自主地发挥其民主代议与协商的功能。作为宪法监督与解释机关,全国人大常委会除能基于民主集中制开展政治控制型监督,还可通过宪法解释进行规范控制型监督。全国人大常委会宪法地位的三重面相,由国家治理需要、政体结构特点及不同职权间的张力共同决定,应以此为框架,厘清全国人大常委会诸项职权的外部边界与内在界分。The constitutional status of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress(NPCSC), which was formed gradually through constitutional changes, has three dimensions. As the standing body of the highest organ of state power, the NPCSC cannot be identified with the National People’s Congress(NPC) in terms of organization or competence, but the two organs are correlated functionally. As organs exercising state legislative powers, the NPCSC and the NPC are not homogeneous substitutes for each other, but have a division of labor between them. If the legislation of the NPCSC involves fundamental value decisions, the NPCSC should follow the judgment of the NPC. If not, it may give full play to its autonomous function of democratic representation and deliberation. As an organ of constitutional supervision and interpretation, the NPCSC can carry out not only political-control supervision based on democratic centralism, but also normative-control supervision through constitutional interpretation. The three dimensions of the constitutional status of the NPCSC are jointly determined by the needs of state governance, the structure of the political regime, and the tensions between different functions and powers, and should be used as a framework to clarify the external and internal boundaries of the competences of the NPCSC.

关 键 词：全国人大常委会 国家权力机关 立法权 宪法解释 合宪性审查 

分 类 号：D921[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学] D622[政治法律—法学]