环境权的制宪原旨与宪法审查——基于法国《环境宪章》的研究与借鉴  

The Constitutional Purpose of Environmental Rights and Constitutional Review:A Study and Reflection on the France's Charter for the Environment

作　　者：王建学 WANG Jianxue(Law School,Tianjin University)

机构地区：[1]天津大学法学院

出　　处：《人权法学》2022年第3期16-34,146,147,共21页Journal of Human Rights Law

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“加强宪法实施、教育和监督研究”(18JZ036);司法部法治建设与法学理论研究部级科研项目一般课题“生态文明宪法实施机制研究”(20SFB2004)。

摘　　要：环境权是法学界长期关注的热点话题,在持续深入推进生态文明建设的宏大背景下,对此问题的深入讨论更具现实意义。比较法是环境权讨论的独特视角,但应深入到代表性国别层面,细致考察环境权的制宪原旨和宪法审查。法国是环境权入宪的典型代表之一,其2004年《环境宪章》在制定过程中写入了环境权条款。在宪法审查过程中,宪法委员会建立了较为完整的审查框架,以禁止不足原则控制环境权法律保障中的立法不作为,以比例原则实现环境权的防御功能,还肯定环境权的双重性特别是第三者效力。目前,审查机关倾向于采取谦抑立场,从未宣告法律因侵害环境权而违宪,因此,立法形成对于落实环境权具有重要作用。我国的环境权议题可充分借鉴法国的有益经验。Environmental rights have long been a hot topic among Chinese legal scholars, and an in-depth discussion of this question has become more important with practical significance, in view of the fact that China is "continuing to promote the construction of ecological civilization". Comparative law is a unique perspective for discussing environmental rights, but we should go deeper into the level of specific country, and carefully reveal the constitutionalization of environmental rights in that country, the drafting process of their environmental rights provisions, and the relationship between the constitutional purpose and constitutional review. France is one of the typical representatives which incorporate environmental rights into the constitution. It not only included the environmental rights in the General Provisions of the Environmental Code in 2000, but also further included them in Charter for the Environmental in 2004, which is one of the few constitutional documents in the world that specifically provides for environmental issues. During the drafting process of the Charter for the Environment, the environmental right article has always been placed as the first article and recognized as fundamental value, and has a very solid programmatic position. A review of the formation of Article 1 and the relationship between Article 1 and other related articles of the Charter is helpful in understanding the constitutional purpose of environmental rights. The Charter for the Environment highlights a holistic constitutional structural arrangement. On the one hand, the Charter for the Environment does not merely focus on environmental rights, but rather on environmental rights and environmental obligations;on the other hand, the Charter for the Environment clarifies the inseparable relationship between substantive environmental rights and procedural environmental rights. The combination of substantive environmental rights and procedural participatory rights to environmental issues, and in a broader sense, the combination

关 键 词：环境权 环境宪法 环境法典 制宪原意 宪法审查 

分 类 号：D922.7[政治法律—法学]