比较人权文化中的权利与义务——以西方、中华传统和马克思主义文化范式为样本的分析  

A Comparative Approach to Rights and Duties in Human Rights Culture:Analysis on Western,Chinese,Marxist Cultural Paradigms

作　　者：涂云新[1] TU Yunxin(Human Rights Research Center at Fudan University)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学人权研究中心

出　　处：《人权法学》2022年第2期57-88,157,158,共34页Journal of Human Rights Law

基　　金：中国人权研究会2020年度部级研究课题(CSHRS2022-22YB)。

摘　　要：人权文化是以人权为中心的一整套关乎社会共同体存续的理念、精神和制度层面的综合体。权利与义务的观念深深植根于一个国家或地区的人权文化之中。中华传统文化、西方人权文化和马克思主义人权文化,是影响和塑造当代中国人权观最为重要的三个因素。西方人权文化曾以“自然权利”观念对人类多元人权文化作出过贡献,但是其忽视了人权的“主体性问题”和“现实性问题”。从思想渊源或者道德伦理的意义上说,中华传统文化的人文关怀与现代人权制度具兼容性。马克思主义人权观在批判性地继承和吸收西方权利和义务学说的基础上发展而来,实现了“天国权利”到“尘世权利”的革命,把权利的实现和义务的履行建立在现实的人类实践活动之上。当代中国的人权建设需要坚持以马克思主义人权观为引领,把握好人权的普遍性和特殊性的关系、处理好权利和义务的关系、理顺人权与人权的实现条件的关系,从而构建起一个具有包容性和开放性的人权文化体系。The relationship between human rights and culture has sparked a new debate on the universality and uniqueness of human rights. The notion of rights and duties is deeply rooted in the human rights culture of a country or region. Human rights culture is a set of traditions and values in concept, spirit and institution, which are vital to the continuity of a society. In contemporary China, human rights thoughts and institutions have originated from three sources: first, the traditional Chinese legal culture, second, the western culture since the Western Learning, and third, the new cultural tradition guided by Marxism under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. This paper focuses on the comparison of the traditional Chinese legal culture, the Western legal culture and the Marxist legal culture in terms of rights and duties, and uses the relevant jurisprudence in typical cases as an analytical tool to clarify the relationship between rights and duties in a multicultural context. Western human rights culture has once made important contributions to the diversified human rights culture through the ideas of "man’s natural rights" and "natural rights", but the concept of rights and duties in western human rights culture is not the "end of history". Its largest weakness lies in the neglect of the "subjectivity" and "reality" in human rights.The integrated concept of "universal imperial authority" in ancient China, which superimposed historical tradition, military power, and intellectual, religious, cultural and spiritual authority, determined the distribution of the rights and duties of the various classes, like scholars, peasants, workers and businessmen. In the sense of legal system, there are indeed many contradictions between traditional Chinese culture and modern human rights system. However, in terms of ideological origin or moral ethics,the humanistic concern of traditional Chinese culture is compatible with the modern human rights system. The human rights in Marxism is developed on the basis of the cri

关 键 词：人权文化 公民权 社会权 义务 多元文化主义 启蒙 马克思主义人权观 

分 类 号：D922.7[政治法律—法学]