从壁画中的“耕犁图”看唐宋犁型之变兼论山西X型山地犁成因  

The Plows’Evolution Reflected in the Plow Images in Murals of Tang and Song Dynasties and the Origin of the X-shaped Plow in Shanxi

作　　者：伊宝 高策 YI Bao;GAO Ce(Institute for the History of Science and Technology,Shanxi University,Taiyuan 030006,China)

机构地区：[1]山西大学科学技术史研究所,太原030006

出　　处：《科学技术哲学研究》2022年第3期89-96,共8页Studies in Philosophy of Science and Technology

基　　金：2021年山西省艺术科学规划课题“广灵水神堂‘百工图’传统技艺挖掘”(2021F014)。

摘　　要：唐代是中国曲辕犁的定型期,敦煌与陕西李寿墓都有相关的耕犁图像呈现,但这一时期的主角是敦煌壁画“上三角型”直辕犁。陈文华认为这只是佛教图像的传摹习惯而非真实的农业地理再现,而“曲辕犁”的普及是否能够随着技术的升级迅速传播,影响因素包括了材料与技术在迭代过程中的成本问题,因此“江东犁”在敦煌壁画中只是“昙花一现”。同时,文章以新发现的山西高平开化寺宋代“X型穿辕犁”为例,阐明山地铁辕犁在北方盛行的原因,对中国农具自身发展过程中最为重要的“基因”适应与技术演进的“悖论”关系梳理订正。Although there are images of Quyuanli in the tomb murals of Dunhuang’s and Lishou’s Tomb in Shaanxi,most of the ploughs were designed with upper triangle type.The scarcity of Jiangdong plow in the murals also proves the popularity of Zhiyuan plow in the northwestern mountainous region of China during the Tang and Song Dynasties.The newly discovered X-type crossing plow of the Song Dynasty in Kaiping Temple,Gaoping,Shanxi reveals that iron plow adapted for the soil in the mountainous region of Northern China is the evolution of the triangular plow and improvement of the Jiangdong plow.The paradoxical relationship between the most important gene adaptation and technological evolution in the development process is revisited.This article uses the cross-validation method and fills the gap in the study on the plough images of Song Dynasty.

关 键 词：壁画 耕犁图 曲辕犁 山地犁 

分 类 号：N09[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]