十月革命前俄国北方海航道政策的变迁  

Changes in Russia’s Northern Sea Route policy before the October Revolution

作　　者：李志庆[1] Li Zhiqing

机构地区：[1]黑龙江省社会科学院社会发展与地方治理研究院

出　　处：《世界历史评论》2022年第1期135-146,293,294,共14页The World History Review

基　　金：黑龙江省哲学社会科学研究规划青年项目“俄罗斯北方海航道开发与中俄北极合作研究”(项目批准号:19GJC137)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：北方海航道构想产生于15世纪末16世纪初的西欧。17世纪初期以前,俄国并未对北方海航道构想给予关注,采取了漠视北方海航道的政策。1616年,俄国出台曼加泽亚禁令,启动了对北方海航道西部区段的封锁,北方海航道政策由漠视升级为敌对。18世纪,俄国的北方海航道政策转向,由敌对政策向积极探索政策转变,通过实施北方大考察等一系列科考探险活动,对北方海航道进行了积极而充分的考察探索。19世纪,在环球航行风靡、航道探索失利及航海家悲观论断等因素的影响下,俄国的北方海航道政策再次转向消极、保守。20世纪初,俄国在对马海战中的惨败迫使其重新思考北方海航道问题,俄国重新转向积极探索的北方海航道政策。The idea of the Northern Sea Route was conceived in Western Europe at the end of the 15 th century and the beginning of the 16 th century. However, before the early 17 th century, Russia didn’t pay attention to the idea of the Northern Sea Route and adopted a policy on the Northern Sea Route with indifference. In 1616, Russia promulgated the Ban on Mangazeya sea route, which initiated the blockade of the western section of the Northern Sea Route. The policy on the Northern Sea Route escalated from indifference to hostility. In the 18 th century, the Northern Sea Route policy shifted from a hostile policy to a policy of active exploration. The Northern Sea Route had been actively and fully investigated and explored through a series of scientific expeditions such as the Great Northern Expedition. In the 19 th century, Russia’s Northern Sea Route policy once again turned negative and conservative under the influence of the popularity of circumnavigation, the failure of exploring the route and the pessimistic judgement made by navigators. At the beginning of the 20 th century, facing the disastrous defeat in the Battle of Tsushima forced Russia to rethink about the issue of the Northern Sea Route, and Russia turned to the policy of actively exploring the Northern Sea Route.

关 键 词：北方海航道 俄国 曼加泽亚禁令 北方大考察 

分 类 号：U61[交通运输工程—船舶及航道工程]