天麻连作障碍与土赤壳属真菌的关联分析及改善措施  

Correlation analysis between continuous cropping obstacle of Gastrodia elata and Ilyonectria fungi and relieving strategy

作　　者：张进强 唐鑫 郭兰萍[2] 杨野[3] 王艳红 魏渊[4] 苏大鹏 何华 李良远 欧阳臻[4] 周涛 ZHANG Jin-qiang;TANG Xin;GUO Lan-ping;YANG Ye;WANG Yan-hong;WEI Yuan;SU Da-peng;HE Hua;LI Liang-yuan;OUYANG Zhen;ZHOU Tao(Guichou University of Tradional Chinese Medicine,Guiyang 550025,China;National Resource Center for Chinese Meteria Medica,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing 100700,China;Kunming University of Science and Technology,Kunming 650500,China;Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013,China)

机构地区：[1]贵州中医药大学,贵州贵阳550025 [2]中国中医科学院中药资源中心,北京100700 [3]昆明理工大学,云南昆明650500 [4]江苏大学,江苏镇江212013

出　　处：《中国中药杂志》2022年第9期2296-2303,共8页China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica

基　　金：中央本级重大增减支项目(2060302);贵州省高层次创新型人才项目(黔科合平台人才[2018]5638-2);贵州科技计划项目(黔科合平台人才[2019]5611);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-21);贵州省教育厅重大研究项目(黔教合KY字[2018]022);贵州省科技支撑计划项目(黔科合支撑[2021]一般256);贵州省普通高等学校青年科技人才成长项目(黔教合KY字[2021]205)。

摘　　要：天麻连作障碍明显,但其发生机制仍不清楚。该研究从天麻种植后土壤微生物变化探讨其与连作障碍的相关机制。通过比较种植天麻1年、2年和3年的土壤微生物种类及丰度的变化,分离出可能导致天麻连作病害的致病菌,采用“天麻-冬荪”轮作种植探究了天麻土传真菌病害的防控措施。结果显示,天麻种植导致土壤中的细菌和真菌群落稳定性降低、有害菌种类和丰度增加等,在种植第2年最为明显;即使将土壤闲置2年,其微生物多样性未恢复到正常水平。连作土壤中变化最为显著的真菌是Ilyonectria cyclaminicola,其在土壤中的丰富度与天麻病害发生率呈显著正相关。将其接种于种植天麻的土壤中能显著增加天麻的腐烂病害发生率。种植1茬天麻后再轮种1~3茬冬荪,能显著减少I.cyclaminicola的丰度,逐渐恢复土壤中微生物生态平衡,并降低天麻病害发生率。这些研究结果表明,天麻种植使土壤中的土赤壳属真菌成为优势菌群,其中I.cyclaminicola是天麻土传真菌病害的主要病原菌之一,可通过轮种冬荪来减少天麻连作病害。The continuous cropping obstacle of Gastrodia elata is outstanding, but its mechanism is still unclear. In this study, microbial changes in soils after G. elata planting were investigated to explore the mechanism correlated with continuous cropping obstacle. The changes of species and abundance of fungi and bacteria in soils planted with G. elata after 1, 2, and 3 years were compared. The pathogenic fungi that might cause continuous cropping diseases of G. elata were isolated. Finally, the prevention and control measures of soil-borne fungal diseases of G. elata were investigated with the rotation planting pattern of "G. elata-Phallus impudicus". The results showed that G. elata planting resulted in the decrease in bacterial and fungal community stability and the increase in harmful fungus species and abundance in soils. This change was most obvious in the second year after G. elata planting, and the soil microbial community structure could not return to the normal level even if it was left idle for another two years. After G. elata planting in soils, the most significant change was observed in Ilyonectria cyclaminicola. The richness of the Ilyonectria fungus in soils was significantly positively correlated with the incidence of G. elata diseases. When I. cyclaminicola was inoculated in the sterile soil, the rot rate of G. elata was also significantly increased. After planting one crop of G. elata and one to three crops of P. impudicus, the fungus community structure in soils gradually recovered, and the abundance of I. cyclaminicola decreased year by year. Furthermore, the disease rate of G. elata decreased. The results showed that the cultivation of G. elata made the Ilyonectria fungi the dominant flora in soils, and I. cyclaminicola served as the main pathogen of continuous cropping diseases of G. elata, which could be reduced by rotation planting with P. impudicus.

关 键 词：天麻 连作障碍 土壤微生物 土传病害 土赤壳属 Ilyonectria cyclaminicola 

分 类 号：S435.672[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治]