专利权保护如何精准激励创新——以美国专利法中政策杠杆理论为切入点  

How Can Patent Protection Stimulate Innovation Precisely:Starting from the Policy Lever Theory in American Patent Law

作　　者：张迩瀚 Zhang Erhan(Law School,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210009,China)

机构地区：[1]南京大学法学院,江苏南京210009

出　　处：《科技进步与对策》2022年第12期123-129,共7页Science & Technology Progress and Policy

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(19BFX019)。

摘　　要：专利权保护的发明创造所涉及行业日益复杂,精准激励不同行业的创新显得至关重要。美国学者主张法院应当灵活适用司法政策杠杆调节不同行业的激励机制,以避免激励不足或者激励过度。以政策杠杆理论为分析工具,研究发现:我国专利法中存在类似于美国的司法政策杠杆,还存在明确规定了特定于某些行业而适用的法定政策杠杆。司法政策杠杆的适用具有不确定性,可通过合理的法定化路径实现适用的确定性与可预见性,从而使我国专利法中的政策杠杆发挥精准激励不同行业创新的功能。With the rapid development of science and technology,the industries involved in the invention and creation of patent protection are becoming increasingly complex,which poses a severe challenge to the patent system.There are significant differences in the innovation characteristics of different industries.How can a unified patent system accurately stimulate the innovation of different industries?Is it necessary to formulate an industry-specific patent system?To solve these problems,American scholars put forward the policy lever theory which has aroused wide attention.However Chinese scholars pay insufficient attention to this important theory.At present,China is changing from a big country that introduces intellectual property rights to the one that creates intellectual property rights,and intellectual property work is changing from pursuing quantity to improving quality.The number of patent disputes involving strategic emerging industries accepted by the court is increasing.In this context,it has become a practical problem for China of how to accurately stimulate the innovation of different industries.This paper makes a comprehensive investigation on the policy lever theory in the U.S.patent law.American scholars Professor Samuelson and Professor Scotchmer put forward the concept of policy lever in the field of intellectual property for the first time to refer to the institutional design in the intellectual property system that can be sensitive to the industrial background and technical field and adjust the innovation incentive mechanism of different industries,so as to avoid giving innovators too much or too little reward.After that,Professor Burk and Professor Lemley specifically analyzed the policy levers existing in the U.S.patent law,including the utility doctrine,the PHOSITA standard,the pioneering patent rule,the reverse doctrine of equivalents and many other judicially created rules that can be applied specifically to the industry.These rules give the court a reasonable limit of discretion,which belong to

关 键 词：专利权保护 精准激励 政策杠杆 

分 类 号：D923.4[政治法律—民商法学]