从“技治主义”到知识民主:环境风险决策的范式转型  

From “Technocracy” to Knowledge-based Democracy:Paradigm Shift in Decision-making Concerning Environmental Risks

作　　者：杨建国[1] YANG Jian-guo(School of Public Administration,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China)

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学公共管理学院,南京210095

出　　处：《江苏行政学院学报》2022年第3期104-110,共7页The Journal of Jiangsu Administration Institute

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“中国特色的政府决策问责制度研究”(17BZZ071)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在传统环境风险决策中,拥有科学知识的专家与技术官僚垄断了环境决策权,普通公众被排除在决策过程外。当前环境风险主要滥觞于人类科技迅猛发展、普遍应用及其内在的不确定性,经由“环境”媒介作用于生态、人类健康等领域所带来的“负效应”,科学已难以提供环境风险决策所需的准确答案,环境风险决策的“技治主义”范式已日益陷入困境。20世纪90年代初,随着科学知识的“祛魅”与专家权威的解构,后常规科学视野下的科学与政策领域兴起了“公民科学”、“知识分工”等知识民主理念,强调知识生产的民主化,即在尊重科学理性的基础上也要正视科学的不确定性,承认非职业化知识、情境性知识、公众常识等的价值。知识民主为环境风险决策范式转型提供了方法论进路,当前需要着力于建构基于人的共生共在的环境风险共同体、发掘公众参与环境风险决策的知识论价值,以及在开放、多元参与的情境中实现环境风险决策知识的合作生产等。知识民主既是科学自身逻辑演进的必然,也是环境风险决策的新范式。In traditional decision-making process involving environmental risks, experts and technocrats with scientific knowledge monopolize the environmental decision-making power, and the general public are excluded from the policy process. The current environmental risks mainly originate from the rapid development of human science and technology, the widespread application of technology, and its inherent uncertainty. The “negative effects” brought about by the “environmental” media acting on ecology, human health and other fields have made it difficult for science to provide accurate answers to environmental risk decision-making. The “technocratic” paradigm of decision-making concerning environmental risks has become increasingly mired. In the early 1990 s, with the “disenchantment” of scientific knowledge and the deconstruction of expert authority, knowledge-based democratic concepts such as “citizen science” and “knowledge division of labor” emerged in the field of science and policy from the perspective of post-conventional science, emphasizing democratizing in knowledge production, namely the practice to face the uncertainty of science on the basis of respecting scientific rationality, and to recognize the values of non-professional knowledge, situational knowledge, public common sense, etc. Knowledge-based democracy provides a methodological approach for the shift of paradigm in environmental risk decision-making. At present, it is necessary to focus on building an environmental risk community based on the symbiosis of people, exploring the epistemological value of public participation in environmental risk decision-making, and in the context of open and multi-participation. Realize the cooperative production of environmental risk decision-making knowledge, etc. Knowledge-based democracy is not only the inevitability result of the logical evolution of science itself, but also a new paradigm for decision-making concerning environmental risk.

关 键 词：“技治主义” 知识民主 科学不确定性 环境风险决策 

分 类 号：D035[政治法律—政治学]