欧盟制裁机制的转型:欧盟全球人权制裁机制的法律框架、运行机制及缺陷  

The Transformation of EU Sanctions Mechanism: The Legal Framework, Operation Mechanism and Defects of EU Global Human Rights Sanctions Mechanism

作　　者：王媛媛 Wang Yuanyuan

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学国际法学院 [2]全国人大常委会法制工作委员会研究室

出　　处：《国际法研究》2022年第3期72-90,共19页Chinese Review of International Law

摘　　要：近年来在国际关系中,单边制裁的数量、范围和理由持续扩展,对国际法提出了新的挑战。作为欧盟单边制裁之一的欧盟全球人权制裁机制的建立,体现了欧盟的单边制裁从国别制裁到专项制裁、从全面制裁到针对性制裁的转型。从全球视角来看,欧盟全球人权制裁机制体现了欧盟与其盟友借所谓人权、民主等议题采取联合自主单边制裁行动。在国际法上,单边制裁长期存在争议。一直以来,欧盟以单边制裁构成反措施为依据论证其单边制裁符合国际法。然而,作为专项制裁的欧盟全球人权制裁机制构成了对国别制裁的制度突破,既有的反措施理论无法为其提供国际法依据。普遍管辖也同样无法为欧盟全球人权制裁机制提供合法性基础。欧盟全球人权制裁机制面临合法性、法律确定性以及人权保障等危机,可能构成国际不法行为。一方面,受制裁影响的国家可以采取反措施维护其国家利益;另一方面,受制裁影响的个人或实体可以通过欧盟司法审查机制维护其合法权利。Recently, the number, scope and grounds of unilateral sanctions have continued to expand, which posed new challenges to international law. In the field of EU unilateral sanctions, the establishment of the EU global human rights sanctions regime reflects the transformation from country-based sanctions towards thematic sanctions as well as from comprehensive sanctions towards targeted sanctions. From a global perspective, this regime demonstrates the joint action in the form of autonomous sanctions taken by the EU and its allies on specific issues in the name of human rights and democracy. There has been long-standing debate on unilateral sanctions in international law. The EU has always argued that unilateral sanctions comply with international law on the basis that unilateral sanctions constitute countermeasures. However, as a thematic sanction, the EU global human rights sanction regime is different from country-based sanctions, and the existing theory of countermeasures cannot provide the legal basis for it, neither can universal jurisdiction do so. The EU global human rights sanctions regime faces crises of legality, legal certainty and human rights protection, which may constitute international wrongful acts. On the one hand, states affected by sanctions can take countermeasures to safeguard their national interests. On the other hand, individuals or entities affected by sanctions can defend their rights through the EU judicial review mechanism.

关 键 词：欧盟全球人权制裁机制 人权制裁 单边制裁 自主制裁 专项制裁 司法审查 反措施 

分 类 号：D95[政治法律—法学] DD912.7