一代材料,一代电池:正极材料研究推动锂离子动力电池的升级换代  

A generation of materials,a generation of batteries:cathode materials can upgrade lithium-ion power batteries

作　　者：贲留斌[1,2] 武怿达 朱永明 黄学杰[1,2] BEN Liu-Bin;WU Yi-Da;ZHU Yong-Ming;HUANG Xue-Jie(Institute of Physics,Chinese Academy of Science,Beijing 100190,China;Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory,Dongguan 523808,China;Harbin Institute of Technology(Weihai),Weihai 264209,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院物理研究所,北京100190 [2]松山湖材料实验室,东莞523808 [3]哈尔滨工业大学(威海),威海264209

出　　处：《物理》2022年第6期373-383,共11页Physics

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(批准号:2217090654)资助项目。

摘　　要：一代材料,一代电池。锂离子电池正极材料的研究不断推动着动力电池的升级换代。第一代动力电池的正极材料为锰酸锂LiMn_(2)O_(4),其低温性能好、成本低和安全性高,但电池能量密度不够高。第二代动力电池正极材料为磷酸铁锂LiFePO_(4)和三元正极材料镍钴锰NCM/镍钴铝NCA。磷酸铁锂正极材料的优势是长寿命、低成本、高安全性。三元锂正极材料的特点是大容量、高能量密度、快充效率高。第三代动力电池的正极材料是高电压镍锰酸锂LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_(4)和镍酸锂LiNiO_(2),主要解决第二代面临的低成本和长续航不能兼顾的问题以及更长里程问题。文章首先回顾第一、二代的锰酸锂、磷酸铁锂和三元正极材料的研究历程、优缺点及发展近况,之后介绍和展望下一代高电压镍锰酸锂和镍酸锂正极材料。“A generation of materials,a generation of batteries”.Improved cathode materials continue to upgrade lithium-ion power batteries.The cathode of the first-generation battery was made of LiMn_(2)O_(4),which has the characteristics of good low-temperature performance,low cost,and high safety,but the energy density is not very high.The second-generation batteries used LiFePO_(4) and NCA/NCM;the former has the advantages of long life,low cost,and high safety,while the latter has large capacity,high energy density,and high charging efficiency.The third-generation batteries are made of high-voltage LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_(4) and LiNiO_(2),and aim to combine both low cost and long lifetime so that longer mileage can be achieved.This paper first describes the history,advantages,disadvantages,and recent developments of the first and second-generation LiMn_(2)O_(4),LiFePO_(4),and NCA/NCM cathode materials,then presents an overview of the next generation LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_(4) and LiNiO_(2) materials.

关 键 词：正极材料 锰酸锂 磷酸铁锂 三元正极材料 高电压镍锰酸锂 镍酸锂 

分 类 号：TQ131.11[化学工程—无机化工] TM912[电气工程—电力电子与电力传动]