秦汉律中的以爵抵罪非“官当”辨——兼论官爵法律特权的儒家化  

On Substitution for Judicial Punishment with Ranks in the Law System of the Qin and Han Dynasties Is not the Same as Guandang and the Confucianization of the Privileges of the Governmental Officials

作　　者：宋磊[1] Song lei(Institute of Legal History,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing,100088,China)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学法律史研究院,北京100088

出　　处：《古代文明（中英文）》2022年第3期83-90,158,159,共10页The Journal of Ancient Civilizations

摘　　要：以往多认为官当制度产生于晋朝或北魏,近些年来不少学者提出秦汉律中的以爵减免刑罚与官当在实质上是相同的,进而将后者的成制时间上溯至秦。官当的主要原理是用承载着官员个人身份权利的官品官阶来抵罪,从而使官员的个人利益因犯罪而受损。然而秦汉时期的禄秩等级附丽于职位而不从属于官员个人,自然不会允许他们以官抵罪。官爵疏离情况下的以爵抵罪是独立存在的,不能作为官当的内容。二十等爵法律特权的享受主体是广大庶民,明显与官当的概念和精神不符。魏晋以后官的品位化、爵的贵族化、官爵一体化过程相继完成,此时方才具备产生官当制度的条件。士族政治时代为官者地位的提高和君臣关系的变化是官当制度形成的内在动力,儒家美化君臣关系、塑造等级特权的礼治思想是其形成的理论指导和外部推手,官当的成制史正是一个法律儒家化的过程。In recent years,some scholars proposed that yijuedizui(以爵抵罪,substitution for judicial punishment with contribution ranks)of the Qin and Han periods was essentially the same as guandang(官当,substitution for judicial punishment with official ranks)that actually appeared during the Jin(晋)and Northern Wei(北魏).This study rejects this proposition.The official ranks were attached to the persons who were or used to be governmental officials,while the Qin and Han contribution ranks were granted to people including commoners who had no official positions based upon military contribution.It was not happened until the Wei and Jin Dynasties that the official titles and nobility ranking integrated and guandang became possible.The influence of Confucianism led to the improvement of the status of the governmental officials.In certain degree,guandang is a reflection of the Confucinization of the traditional law system.

关 键 词：官当 成制时间 以爵减免刑罚 官品官阶 法律儒家化 

分 类 号：D929[政治法律—法学]