中国油气价格改革的比较研究--加快实现天然气价格市场化的政策设计  

Comparative study on China's oil and gas price reforms:Policy design to speed up marketization of gas price

作　　者：张颙[1] 何春蕾[2] 杜波[1] 董振宇[1] ZHANG Yong;HE Chunlei;DU Bo;DONG Zhenyu(PetroChina Finance Department,Beijing 100007,China;Natural Gas Economic Research Institute,PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gasfield Company,Chengdu,Sichuan 610051,China)

机构地区：[1]中国石油天然气股份有限公司财务部,北京100007 [2]中国石油西南油气田公司天然气经济研究所,四川成都610051

出　　处：《天然气技术与经济》2022年第3期1-10,共10页Natural Gas Technology and Economy

摘　　要：像欧美国家那样通过“气与气”竞争方式实现天然气价格市场化可能并不适用于中国,为此希望从中国油气价格改革的比较中找到加快实现天然气价格市场化的方法。研究结果表明:①工业和市场结构的相同或相近以及都具有较高的对外依存度,使得中国的石油和天然气价格改革两者具有诸多共性,都需要财政、税收政策相配合;②石油价格的改革方式是国内原油价格与国际市场接轨,以国际市场原油价格为基础制定国内成品油价格,在高油价时对国产原油征收特别收益金;③从长远看,将采取与理顺石油价格相同的方式理顺天然气价格,也就是要允许进口气至少要按到岸采购成本顺价销售以及国产气的销售价格与进口气接轨,但在现阶段采取国产气与进口气综合定价更符合中国的实际情况。结论认为,要加快实现天然气价格市场化,需要采取与石油价格改革不同的政策设计,使上游供气企业在放开价格的情况下更愿意按照国产气与进口气综合定价的方式销售天然气,而不是按照国产气与进口气价格接轨的方式销售天然气,具体做法是:①对于拥有市场支配地位的上游供气企业采取收益监管,规定其国产气勘探开发的准许收益率和销售每立方米进口气的准许利润,如果年度实际收益超出了政府准许收益,超出部分以特别收益金的形式上缴国家财政;②对上游供气企业采用收益监管后除居民用气的门站价格执行政府指导价,其他用气的门站价格完全市场化,条件成熟后居民用气的门站价格也完全放开;③合理确定上游供气企业的准许收益以及建立健全上下游价格联动机制。Different from some countries in Europe and America,it is impossible for China to implement the marketization of gas price by means of gas-to-gas competition.So,there is some hope to find out a new approach to speed up this price marketization through a comparative study on China's oil and gas price reform.Results show that(1)due to the same or simi⁃lar industry-market structure and higher external dependence,both oil and gas price reforms have many commonalities and need the coordination of fiscal and tax policies;(2)the oil price reform is to adapt the domestic crude-oil price to the inter⁃national market,set the domestic refined-oil price on the basis of the crude-oil price in this market,and levy windfall profit tax on domestic crude oil when the oil price is high;(3)in the long run,like the oil price,the gas price will be straight⁃ened out,which means imported gas shall be sold at least at the favorable price of CIF purchase cost and the sales price of domestic gas shall be in line with that of imported gas.At present,however,comprehensive pricing of both domestic and imported gas is more suitable in China.To speed up the marketization of gas price,it is necessary to adopt the policy de⁃sign which is different from that of oil price reform,so that in the case of price liberalization,the upstream gas-supply enter⁃prises would sell gas according to the comprehensive pricing of domestic and imported gas,rather than in the mode that the domestic-gas price is in line with the imported-gas one.And specific practices are as followed.First,as for upstream gassupply enterprises with the dominant market position,adopt revenue regulation to stipulate the permitted rate of return for do⁃mestic-gas exploration and development and the permitted profit from the sale of one cubic meter of imported gas.If the ac⁃tual annual revenue exceeds government's permitted revenue,hand the excess part over to the state finance in the form of windfall profit tax.Second,when revenue regulation is applied to the upstream gas

关 键 词：石油 天然气 市场结构 对外依存度 价格改革 价格形成机制 比较研究 政策设计 

分 类 号：F426.22[经济管理—产业经济] F764.1