冷战前期美国亚太盟友赴美峰会的效应研究——基于澳大利亚与中国台湾的比较分析  

Why did Leaders of America’s Asia-Pacific Allies Visit the U.S.during the First Phase of the Cold War?A Comparative Analysis of Australia and Taiwan region During the Period of 1950〜1972

作　　者：陈长伟[1] Chen Changwei

机构地区：[1]北京大学国际关系学院

出　　处：《美国研究》2022年第3期131-155,8,共26页The Chinese Journal of American Studies

摘　　要：从1949年中华人民共和国成立到1979年中美建交前,美国与中国大陆没有外交关系。在冷战时期美国奉行“以台制华”的战略大背景下,美国不仅和台湾的国民党政权维持所谓的“外交”关系,还与包括中国台湾和澳大利亚等不同类型的多个政治实体先后结盟,构建了一个有别于北约的亚太同盟体系。美国和亚太盟友的领导人定期会晤,构成一种独特的首脑峰会类型。然而,美国亚太盟友领导人赴美和美国总统所举行的峰会在频率和次数上有显著差异。本文选取冷战前期美国亚太盟友中领导人赴美访问次数最多的澳大利亚和次数最少的中国台湾进行比较,分析两者的差异及原因。在一定程度上,该差异是这一类型的峰会本质所决定的:美国总统与盟友领导人的会晤并非商议彼此关切的重大政策的平台,而是双方营造同盟形象以及服务于盟友国内政治的手段。由于该类型的首脑峰会在功能和效应上的独特性,不同盟友对于是否赴美举行峰会存在着不同偏好,最终体现为其领导人访美次数和频率的差异。During the period of 1949〜1979,the United States pursued a Soviet-style containment policy against China,recognizing the KMT regime in Taiwan region instead of the PRC.The U.S.-led alliances in the Asia-Pacific served as a foundation of America's hegemony in this region during the Cold War.Within the U.S.Asia-Pacific Alliance system,a unique type of summitry-the frequent meetings between U.S.presidents and the leaders of America's Asia-Pacific allies-emerged.However,open source statistics show that,during the first phase of the Cold War,not every leader of America's Asia-Pacific allies made an equal number of visits to the U.S.On the contrary,the frequency of the visits made by leaders of America's Asia-Pacific allies to the U.S.varies.Meetings between U.S.presidents and its Asia-Pacific ally leaders,instead of being seen as an essential platform for discussing key policy issues of mutual concern,were often used as a means to create the image of a strong alliance,or to meet the domestic needs of America's allies.Not surprisingly,during the first phase of the Cold War,different American allies in the Asia-Pacific tended to have different inclinations towards holding a summitry with U.S.presidents,which eventually led to variance in the frequency of their visits to the United States.

关 键 词：美国军事与外交 冷战史 同盟体系 峰会 美国亚太同盟 

分 类 号：K712.54[历史地理—历史学] D871.2[历史地理—世界史]