美国惩罚性赔偿制度探究  

Punitive Damages in the United States

作　　者：朱广新[1] Zhu Guangxin

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所

出　　处：《比较法研究》2022年第3期152-168,共17页Journal of Comparative Law

摘　　要：惩罚性赔偿是美国私法的鲜明特色之一。美国之所以广泛承认惩罚性赔偿,一方面是因为其公法性惩罚在制裁恶意行为上存在局限性,另一方面源于对私人检察官理论和陪审团诉讼体制的推崇。为使惩罚性赔偿在惩罚、威慑恶意行为及激励法律执行上发挥实效,承认惩罚性赔偿的美国各州,在适用条件、证据标准、裁决及司法审查程序、赔偿数额、赔偿金分配等方面,无不对惩罚性赔偿作了一定限制。为克服传统司法审查的局限性,美国最高法院为惩罚性赔偿的裁判及其审查确立了明确的合宪性判断标准。我国法律虽然在很多方面迥异于美国法律文化和法治体系,但是美国惩罚性赔偿的立法和判例经验对于完善中国特色的惩罚性赔偿制度仍具有重要的参考意义。Punitive damages is one of the distinctive features of American private law.Its wide recognition in the United States,is due to on one hand the limitation of its public law in punishing malicious acts,and on the one hand the highly-commended theory of private attorneys and jury in the litigation system.To ensure its effectiveness in punishing and deterring malicious acts and encouraging law enforcement,all the States that make punitive damages awards,have made certain restrictions on it in terms of the applicable conditions,standards of evidence,procedures for adjudication and judicial review,amount and distribution.In addition,in order to overcome the limitation of traditional judicial review,the Supreme Court of the United States has established a specific standard for the review of constitutionality of the adjudication.Although Chinese law is different from American legal culture and legal system in many aspects,American punitive damages legislation and precedent experience still have important reference significance for perfecting the punitive damages system with Chinese characteristics.

关 键 词：惩罚性赔偿 侵权行为 加重情节 补偿性赔偿 名义性赔偿 合理关系规则 惩罚赔偿的合宪性 

分 类 号：D971.2[政治法律—法学] DD913