论海上军用无人系统的法律地位  

The Legal Status of Unmanned Naval Maritime Systems

作　　者：卜凌嘉 Bu Lingjia

机构地区：[1]广东财经大学国际学院,广州510320

出　　处：《亚太安全与海洋研究》2022年第4期89-108,I0004,共21页Asia-Pacific Security and Maritime Affairs

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“军舰豁免权法律问题研究”(编号:20YJC820003);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)科研项目(编号:SML-2020SP005)。

摘　　要：海上军用无人系统的法律地位是一个未有定论的问题。现有的一些主张——“平台决定法律地位说”“军舰说”“船舶说”“军事装置说”,均有其依据及其问题。根据控制平台决定海上军用无人系统的法律地位,不利于沿海国保障其安全和权益,而且适用范围有限。“军舰说”不符合《海洋法公约》对军舰定义的文义解释和缔约国的意图。现阶段,海上无人系统不满足《海洋法公约》第94条对船舶的航行安全和第98条对海难救助的实质性要求,将其作为船舶存在安全隐患。“军事装置说”有利于保护沿海国安全,但可能会遭到海洋军事强国的反对。海洋军事强国和沿海国对无人系统的利益冲突,不仅会影响其对无人系统的定性,还会阻碍相关习惯国际法的形成。The legal status of unmanned naval maritime systems(UNMSs)is an unsettled issue.Existed views on the legal status of UNMSs include:component theory,warships,vessels and military devices.Each of these views has its own justification and problems.The compo-nent theory that the legal status of UNMS is decided by its controlling platform is harmful to the security and interest of coastal states,its application is also limited.Classifying UNMSs as warships goes beyond the text and intentions of the State Parties to the United Nation Con-vention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS).For the time being,as UNMSs do not conform to the requirements for navigational safety in article 94 and rendering assistance in article 98 of the UNCLOS,treating them as vessels poses a hazard to maritime security.Classifying UNMSs as military devices is good for the protection of security of coastal states,but it might be protested by maritime powers.The conflicts of national interests between maritime powers and costal states have an impact on their views of the legal status of UNMS,and they will im-pede the formation of relevant customary international law.

关 键 词：海上军用无人系统 法律地位 海洋法公约 海洋军事强国 沿海国 

分 类 号：D993.5[政治法律—国际法学]