藏族向江南地区的流动:元明时期汉藏民族交往的历史实践  

The Movement of Tibetans to Jiangnan Area:Historical Practice of Communication between Han and Tibetan Ethnic Groups in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties

作　　者：罗宏[1] LUO Hong

机构地区：[1]四川大学中国藏学研究所,成都610064

出　　处：《中国藏学》2022年第2期13-22,212,213,共12页China Tibetology

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“藏文史籍关于中国民族关系的历史书写及当代启示”(18CMZ011)阶段性成果;四川大学铸牢中华民族共同体意识研究基地资助。

摘　　要：元明两代统一王朝的建立和发展使得青藏高原和内地的联系不断加强,藏族在内地的活动也达到了一个历史高峰,其中,藏族向江南的流动值得注意。元代江南地区的藏传佛教在朝廷的支持下得到发展,朝廷在当地设立了江南释教总统所和杭州行宣政院等一些宗教和行政管理机构,一些代表性的藏传佛教僧人如达尼钦波桑波贝、加瓦巴等或被流放或被派驻到江南地区。明代在西藏实行多封众建政策,洪武、永乐时期召请藏地僧俗赴南京朝贡、游历,大宝、大乘、大慈三大法王先后晋京,侯显、班丹扎释等人任职于朝廷,赴江南地区的藏族人也成倍增加。从人群的规模、分属教派、主动性、活动内容及政治和社会背景等方面来看,元明两代藏族赴江南的情况呈现出诸多差异,亦各有特点。整体来看,这一时期藏族向江南的流动增进了藏族对于江南的认识和了解,为藏地财富的积累和自身社会变革、发展积蓄了力量,同时也丰富了江南地区的多元文化,增进了国家内部政治、宗教和文化的交流以及东西两地之间的互动和联系。这一点在铸牢中华民族共同体意识的今天具有重要的启示意义。The links between the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and the Han area were continuously strengthened during the Yuan and Ming dynasties.The activities of Tibetans in the Han area also reached a historical peak.Among them,the movement of Tibetans to Jiangnan is worth mentioning.Tibetan Buddhism developed in this area with the support of the Yuan imperial court.The court set up some religious and administrative institutions such as Jiangnan Buddhist General Office and Provisional Hangzhou Xuan-zheng-yuan.Some representatives including bZang po dpal and rGya bo pa and other Tibetan Buddhist monks were either exiled or sent to Jiangnan area.During the Hongwu and Yongle periods,the court canonized many monks and chiefs,and most of them such as De-bzhin gShegs-pa,Kun-dgav bKra-shis rGyal-mtshan,Byams-chen Chos-rje Shvakya Yeshes were invited to pay tribute and travel in Nanjing.Hou Xian,dPal-ldan bKra-shis and others served in the Nanjing imperial court.The number of Tibetans going to Jiangnan increased rapidly.However,the situation in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties was quite different in terms of numbers,sects,initiative,content of activities,and political and social circumstances.Overall,the movement of Tibetans to Jiangnan during this period enhanced the Tibetans’ understanding of Jiangnan,accumulated strength for the accumulation of wealth and their own social transformation and development,and also enriched the multiculturalism of the Jiangnan area.It enhanced the political,religious and cultural interaction and connection between the east and the west areas.It is still instructive today for consolidating the sense of community for the Chinese nation.

关 键 词：元明时期 藏族 江南 族群流动 

分 类 号：K281[历史地理—历史学]