美国北极战略演进研究  

A Study on the Evolutionary Trend of the U.S. Arctic Strategy

作　　者：王传兴[1,2] WANG Chuan-xing

机构地区：[1]同济大学政治与国际关系学院,上海200092 [2]同济大学极地与海洋国际问题研究中心,上海200092

出　　处：《东北亚论坛》2022年第3期76-91,128,共17页Northeast Asia Forum

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(20VHQ011);同济大学“中央高校基本科研业务费”专项资金资助项目(22120210279)。

摘　　要：二战结束后,美国北极战略经历了从冷战时期的雏形阶段,到后冷战时期前20年的成型阶段,以及奥巴马时期的确立,并伴之特朗普时期的新发展阶段变化。本文认为二战后美国北极战略的三阶段变化,不仅源于北极地区自然环境和政治安全环境的变化,更源于不同时期美国国家安全战略的变化;而美国国家安全战略的变化,则基于国际政治变化导致美国对国家安全威胁认知和判断的变化。通过研究美国国家安全战略中的北极战略,本文认为不同阶段的美国北极战略具有各自不同的鲜明特点,包括第一阶段因美苏争霸需要而呈现军事化的特点、第二阶段因冷战结束和气候变化带来的挑战而呈现出合作应对非传统安全挑战的特点、第三阶段因强调地缘政治博弈甚或大国竞争而呈现“回归”传统安全乃至军事化的特点。在新的历史条件下,拜登政府国家安全战略兼具“回归”国际合作和“延续”大国竞争的双重特点,美国北极战略因而呈现出既寻求合作应对非传统安全挑战、又继续军事化乃至“高边疆化”的双重特点。Since the end of WWII,there has been a three-stage evolution regarding the U.S. Arctic strategy,namely,the stage of the Cold War U.S.Arctic strategy in an early form,the stage of the U.S. Arctic strategy in the shaping in the first two decades during the post-Cold War era,and the stage of Obama’s U.S. Arctic strategy formally established with its new development during the Trump Administration. This essay argues that the three-stage evolution in the U.S. Arctic strategy is rooted in the changes in the natural environment as well as in the Arctic politics and security. Such an evolution is fundamentally rooted in the changes in the U.S. national strategy,which should be attributed to the changes in the U.S. cognition and judgement of threats to its national security with the changing/changed international politics. By locating the U.S. Arctic strategy in the grand historical context of the U.S. national security strategy and based on the comparative analysis,the author here holds that the U.S. Arctic strategy’s features are strikingly different at the three stages,including the first stage with the characteristic of militarization in Arctic because of the U.S.-U.S.S.R. competing for hegemony,the second stage with the characteristic of seeking cooperation with other Arctic and/or Arctic-related actors to address the Arctic non-traditional challenges owing to the climate change with the end of the Cold War,and the third stage with the characteristic of "returning" to traditional security concerns and even militarization in Arctic thanks to the emphasis on geopolitical game as well as great power competition. Under the new historical circumstances,owing to the Biden Administration’s national security strategy with the binal features of "returning" to the Obama Administration’s more emphasis on international cooperation and the "continuation" of Trump’s focus on great power competition,the U.S. Arctic strategy could be with the paradoxical characteristics of seeking for cooperation to meet the Arctic non-tra

关 键 词：美国北极战略 美国国家安全战略 三阶段变化 演变趋势 根源 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]