明代汉藏边区僧官系统新探——以“西番诸卫”为中心  

A New Study on the Monk Official System in the He-Huang-Tao-Min Area during the Ming Dynasty:Centered on Garrisons Distributed in Xifan

作　　者：褚宁 马建春[2] Chu Ning;Ma Jianchun

机构地区：[1]广东第二师范学院马克思主义学院,510303 [2]暨南大学中外关系研究所

出　　处：《中国边疆史地研究》2022年第2期39-51,213,214,共15页China's Borderland History and Geography Studies

摘　　要：明代汉藏边缘之河湟洮岷并存着两类性质全然不同的僧官系统:一类是以政区为依托设立僧官与僧司,属官僚体系范畴;另一类是根据各大教派、寺院番僧的政教地位授予种种象征性僧号,属朝贡体系范畴。这两类僧官系统的划分并非以汉传佛教与藏传佛教的差异作为标准,而是依据朝廷在西番地区权力辐射的强弱程度来衡量的,亦即国家在汉藏边区整合过程中“直辖”与“羁縻”两种模式在宗教治理上的“分层设色”。羁縻型僧官系统的设置更具普遍性,反映出明朝治藏方略“因俗而治”的特征;除国家权力的柔性介入外,也是地方僧团积极参与的结果。There were two types of monk official systems in He-Huang-Tao-Min area during the Ming Dynasty.One type was the monk officials and institutions established on the administrative division,and it belonged to the bureaucratic system.The other type was the various symbolic monk titles awarded on the political and religious status of the Tibetan monks in major sects and temples,and it belonged to the tributary system.The two types of monk official systems were not based on the form of religion,namely the difference between Han Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism,but based on the variation of power influence of the Ming Dynasty in Xifan area,and it was the "stratification" of religious governance of two kinds of patterns which were Zhixia(direct rule) and Jimi(indirect rule) in integrating He-Huang-Tao-Min area into the state.The setting of the Jimi monk official system was more general,and it reflected the characteristics of "governing by customs" of the Ming Dynasty.Aside from the flexible intervention of the state power,this was also the result of active participation of local monks.

关 键 词：西番诸卫 僧官 官僚体系 朝贡体系 

分 类 号：B949.2[哲学宗教—宗教学] K248[历史地理—历史学] D691[历史地理—中国史]