和而不同:制度史视域下的西夏榷场体制  

Harmony but Difference:The System of Xixia Imperial Court in the View of System History

作　　者：张玉海[1] ZHANG Yu-hai(Institute of History,Ningxia Academy of Social Sciences,Yinchuan 750021,China)

机构地区：[1]宁夏社会科学院历史研究所,宁夏银川750021

出　　处：《河北学刊》2022年第4期83-93,共11页Hebei Academic Journal

基　　金：2020年度国家社会科学基金“冷门绝学”研究专项“学术团队”项目“基于汉语通语与方言研究的番汉对音数据库建设”(20VJXT016);2017年度国家社会科学基金重大招标项目“西夏文学文献整理与研究”(17ZDA264)。

摘　　要：榷场是10—13世纪传统坊市制向草市、墟市过渡阶段,各民族政权在边境设立的官办外贸场所。与宋金相比,西夏榷场体制独具特色。在职官设置上,西夏在中枢设置三司作为榷场在中央的主管部门。地方上则于经略司创设安排官统领榷场事务,安排官系借鉴南宋榷场“措置官”名称而来,与经略司合署办公,并于榷场设立榷场使,由主管“拘榷”官员兼任。这就形成自上而下的“三司—安排官—榷场使”三级垂直管理体系。在榷场内部管理方面,西夏通过住户资质申请制、货物无禁检验制、交易替头代理制和回货扭算报告制等一系列措施,严格管控商户入场、交易、扭算、征税各个环节,以确保榷场贸易的顺利进行以及国家税收的正常征收。特别是在榷场一般等价物的选用上,舍近求远地使用南宋川绢,在职权范围内最大限度保持贸易“自主权”。西夏在榷场职官设置以及内部管理制度上,扬弃借鉴宋金榷场管理经验,根据本国实际情况设官立制,使西夏榷场管理体制总体面貌既丰富多彩,又别具一格,体现了西夏在制度建设上的独立性和灵活性,真正做到了和而不同。In the 10-13 th century, Gongchang was an official foreign trade place set up by the governments of all nationalities during the transitional period from the traditional Fangshi system to marketplace and marketplace. Compared with the song and Jin Dynasties, the system of Xixia was unique. In the position of official, Western Xia set up three departments in the center as the competent department in the center. At the local level, the Department of Economic Strategy set up an official to lead the affairs of the forum, and the official was referred to the name of the forum in the southern Song Dynasty, and co-operated with the Department of Economic Strategy. This formed a three-level vertical management system from top to bottom. In the internal management of the Exchange Yard, Tangut adopted a series of measures such as the household qualification application system, the cargo non-restraint inspection system, the trade substitute agency system, and the return settlement report system, etc., strictly control business entrance, trading, contortion, taxation all links to ensure the smooth conduct of trade and the normal collection of national tax. In particular, the general equivalent of the field in the selection of the use of southern Song River Silk, in the scope of the maximum extent to maintain trade “autonomy”. On the establishment of official posts and the internal management system in the West Xia Dynasty, the experience of the song and Jin Dynasties in the management of the West Xia Dynasty was sublated and used for reference, and the official system was set up according to the actual situation of the country, which made the overall management system of the West Xia dynasty not only colorful but also unique, it reflects the independence and flexibility of the system construction of Xixia, and truly achieves harmony but difference.

关 键 词：榷场 安排官 三司 川绢 西夏 

分 类 号：K246[历史地理—历史学]