模态经验论的两难困境——以罗卡洛斯的相似性理论为例  

A Dilemma for Modal Empiricism:A Study by Taking Roca-Royes’Similarity-Based Approach

作　　者：冯书怡 FENG Shuyi(School of Philosophy,Wuhan University,Wuhan,Hubei,430072)

机构地区：[1]武汉大学哲学学院,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《自然辩证法通讯》2022年第7期17-25,共9页Journal of Dialectics of Nature

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“当代模态知识论领域的理性论和经验论研究”(项目编号:20BZX093)。

摘　　要：关于“我们如何获得关于可能性的知识?”这个问题,模态知识论领域一向有理性论和经验论的二分。模态理性论者认为可能性知识来自于先天设想;模态经验论者认为可能性知识来自于后天经验。理性论长期占据主流地位,并被广泛应用于其它领域。但是,学界发现理性论面临两难困境:要么遭遇反例;要么解释范围过窄。理性论的两难引发了模态知识论领域的经验论转向。经验论路径下最受瞩目的理论是罗卡洛斯的相似性理论。然而,以相似性理论为例,本文将指出,经验论面临和理性论类似的两难困境。进一步,本文将论证,经验论的困境更糟糕:它比理性论的解释范围更窄。最后,本文将阐述经验论和理性论解释范围有如此差别的根源,并展望一种融合理性论和经验论的新模态认知理论。As to the question“how we arrive at knowledge of possibility”,answers to this are often divided into two groups along the lines of rationalism/empiricism dichotomy.Modal rationalism,which is of the view that our knowledge of possibility is derived in an a priori way,in a dominant position in the past decades and widely applied in other fields.However,many philosophers argue that it faces a dilemma:either it has a very limited explanatory scope,or there are counterexamples to it.This dilemma motivates philosophers to abandon modal rationalism and embrace modal empiricism,which is of the view that our modal knowledge is derived from empirical investigations.Among the empiricists,Sònia Roca Royes proposes the similarity-based approach,which is the most successful theory for the moment.However,this paper argues by taking the similarity-based approach as an example that it faces the same dilemma with modal rationalism.Furthermore,this paper points out that modal rationalism has a worse dilemma than empiricism:it has a more limited explanatory scope.Finally,this paper will explain the reasons for the difference between empiricism and rationalism.

关 键 词：模态理性论 模态经验论 可设想性理论 相似性理论 两难困境 

分 类 号：N0[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学] B815.1[哲学宗教—逻辑学]