18~19世纪材料试验机一瞥  

A GLANCE AT THE MATERIAL TESTING MACHINE IN THE 18TH~19TH CENTURIES

作　　者：张伟伟 马宏伟 王志华 ZHANG Weiwei;MA Hongwei;WANG Zhihua(School of Mechanical Engineering,Dongguan University of Technology,Dongguan 523808,Guangdong,China;School of applied Science,Taiyuan University of Science and Technology,Taiyuan 030024,China;College of mechanical and vehicle engineering,Taiyuan university of technology,Taiyuan 030024,China)

机构地区：[1]东莞理工学院机械工程学院,广东东莞523808 [2]太原科技大学应用科学学院力学系,太原030024 [3]太原理工大学机械与运载工程学院,太原030024

出　　处：《力学与实践》2022年第3期732-739,共8页Mechanics in Engineering

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(11872261);太原科技大学教改项目(JG202019);太原理工大学教改创新项目(202077)资助。

摘　　要：最早的材料试验机只能测出载荷的大小,主要采用了杠杆原理,杠杆既是加载装置,也是测力装置。1833年德国应用力学学家Franz Joseph Ritter von Gerstner(1 756—1832)设计出了杠杆式应变计,实现了力与变形的同时测试,这在材料力学性能实验测定中具有重要意义。18~19世纪随着桥梁、铁路、锅炉、军工等工业水平的发展,人们迫切地需要材料试验机测定材料的力学性能,以确保工业产品的安全和质量。因此,建材厂、钢铁厂、设计、施工单位等根据自己的需求设计了各种各样的材料试验机,不过这一时期的试验机只是为了特定目的设计的,本身并不是产品。随着测试需求的扩大,1879年美籍(挪威移民)工程师Tinius Olsen(1845—1932)将拉伸、压缩以及横向加载集成在一台设备中,设计出了第一台通用试验机。随后,随着美国材料与试验协会(ASTM)的成立,材料测试走上了标准化道路。The earliest material testing machine only could be used to measure the force by the principle of lever. The lever was both a loading device and a force measuring device. Up to 1833, Franz Joseph Ritter von Gerstner(1 756— 1832, German applied mechanics scientist) designed a lever-type strain gauge to realize the simultaneous test of force and deformation, which was of great significance in the experimental determination of materials mechanical properties. In the 18 th to 19 th centuries, people urgently needed material testing machines to measure the mechanical properties of materials to ensure the safety and quality of industrial products with the industrial development such as bridges, railways, boilers, and military industries. However, the testing machines in this period were only designed for specific purposes and were not products themselves. With the expansion of testing requirements, in 1879, the American(Norwegian immigrant) engineer Tinius Olsen(1845— 1932) integrated tension, compression and lateral loading into one device and designed the first universal testing machine. Subsequently, the American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM) was established, and material testing began to be standardized.

关 键 词：材料试验机 杠杆原理 实验研究 材料力学性能 

分 类 号：N09[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]