基施控释氮肥提高华北露地大白菜产量并减少土壤NH_(3)和N_(2)O排放  

Basal application of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer increases Chinese cabbage production and decreases soil NH_(3) and N_(2)O emissions in Northern China

作　　者：乔丹 张树清[1] 陈延华[2,3] 吕春玲 刘建斌 肖强[2,3] 王学霞 QIAO Dan;ZHANG Shu-qing;CHEN Yan-hua;LV Chun-ling;LIU Jian-bin;XIAO Qiang;WANG Xue-xia(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China;Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resource,Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science,Beijing 100097,China;Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center for Slow/Controlled-Release Fertilizer,Beijing 100097,China;Argo-Environmental Protection Institute,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Tianjin 300191,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081 [2]北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所,北京100097 [3]北京市缓控释肥料工程技术研究中心,北京1000971 [4]农业农村部环境保护科研监测所,天津300191

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2022年第6期1122-1133,共12页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：北京市农林科学院青年基金项目(QNJJ201907);河北省重点研发计划项目(20323601D);北京市农林科学院创新能力建设(KJCX20200419,KJCX20200418);北京市农林科学院创新平台建设(PT2021-16);河北省农林科学院创新工程项目(2019-1-03)。

摘　　要：【目的】控制土壤氮素气态损失是提升菜地氮肥利用和环境效益的一个重要措施。在滴灌条件下,研究控释氮肥一次性基施和减少氮肥投入对华北地区大白菜土壤NH_(3)和N_(2)O排放及其经济效益的影响,为华北地区大白菜生产提供最优氮肥管理方案。【方法】在河北赵县设置田间小区试验,4个处理分别为:不施氮(CK);常规施氮(施用尿素,总施氮量为N 400 kg/hm^(2),基施氮∶追肥氮=4∶6,U);优化施氮(在常规施氮的基础上减氮10%,总施氮量为N 360 kg/hm^(2),基施氮∶追肥氮=4∶6,90U);控释氮肥一次性基施(减氮10%,总施氮量为N 360 kg/hm^(2),90CRU)。采用通气法和密闭式静态箱–气相色谱法,分析了不同处理下土壤NH_(3)和N_(2)O排放动态变化及大白菜产量和氮素吸收的差异。【结果】U、90U处理基肥期土壤NH_(3)排放峰出现在基施后3~6天,追肥后峰值出现在施肥后3~5天,而90CRU处理峰值延迟到基施后9~11天出现,且其峰值显著降低。与U处理相比,整个生育期90U处理土壤NH_(3)排放通量和总量分别降低了11.0%和10.4%,而90CRU处理其排放通量和总量分别显著降低了46.9%和27.6%(P<0.05)。U、90U处理基肥期土壤N_(2)O排放峰值出现在基施后7~9天,追肥后峰值出现在4~6天,而90CRU处理峰值出现在基施后14~17天,其峰值显著降低。施氮处理基肥期NH_(3)和N_(2)O排放峰值均高于追肥后。与U处理相比,90U处理土壤N_(2)O排放通量和总量分别降低了11.1%和8.8%,90CRU处理其排放通量和总量分别显著降低了50.5%和23.2%(P<0.05)。与U处理相比,90CRU处理大白菜氮素利用率提高了5.7个百分点,产量和净经济效益分别增加了7.8%和8.0%,但差异不显著。相关分析表明,土壤温度和湿度与NH_(3)和N_(2)O排放通量成线性正相关关系,由于基肥期土壤温度和湿度高于追肥期,因此基肥期NH_(3)和N_(2)O排放通量高于追肥期。土壤脲酶活性与NH_(3)排放通量间呈�【Objectives】This study aimed at exploring the potential of one-time basal application of controlledrelease nitrogen fertilizer(CRU) on reducing NH_(3) and N_(2)O emission and increasing economic benefits of Chinese cabbage production in Northern China.【Methods】A micro-plot field experiment was conducted in Zhaoxian County,Hebei Province.Fertilization treatments included no fertilizer control(CK),routine urea N at 400 kg/hm^(2)and 10% less rate treatment,both applied in basal∶topdressing ratio of 4∶6(U,90U),and CRU in 10% less N input and totally basal applied(90CRU).Aeration methods and closed static chamber-gas chromatography methods were used to monitor and analyze soil NH_(3) and N_(2)O emission during growing period.At harvest,the Chinese cabbage yield and N use efficiency were determined.【Results】The NH_(3) emission peaked in U and90U treatments 3–6 days after basal fertilization and 3–5 days after topdressing,while that in 90CRU attained its peak at 9–11 days after basal fertilization,and with significantly lower peak value than U and 90U treatment.Compared with 90U treatment,the fluxes and accumulation of soil NH_(3) emission in 90CRU were decreased by46.9% and 27.6%(P<0.05) during the whole growth period.The N_(2)O emission peaked in U and 90U treatments at 7–9 days after basal fertilization and 4–6 days after topdressing,while that in 90CRU was 14–17 days after basal fertilization,and with significantly lower peak value than U and 90U treatment.Compared with U,90U treatment decreased emission flux and total N_(2)O emission by 11.1% and 8.8%,90CRU treatment significantly decreased total N_(2)O emission by 50.5% and 23.2% during the whole growth period,increased the yield of Chinese cabbage and net economic benefit by 7.8% and 8.0% respectively,and nitrogen use efficiency by 5.7 percentage points.The relationship between NH_(3) emission flux and soil urease activity was a positive linear correlation,therefore,NH_(3) flux was significantly reduced by reducing soil urease activity

关 键 词：控释氮肥 NH_(3)排放 N_(2)O排放 大白菜产量 功能基因 

分 类 号：S634.1[农业科学—蔬菜学]