宁夏玉米机械粒收适宜时期研究与预测模型构建  

Study on Optimal Time and Construct a Prediction Model of Mechanical Grain Harvest of Maize in Ningxia

作　　者：李红燕 薛军 王永宏[2] 王克如[1] 赵如浪[2] 明博[1] 张镇涛 张文杰[2] 李少昆[1] LI HongYan;XUE Jun;WANG YongHong;WANG KeRu;ZHAO RuLang;MING Bo;ZHANG ZhenTao;ZHANG WenJie;LI ShaoKun(Institute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Beijing 100081;Crop Research Institute,Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Yinchuan 750105;College of Resources and Environment,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/农业农村部作物生理生态重点实验室,北京100081 [2]宁夏农林科学院农作物研究所,银川750002 [3]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100193

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2022年第12期2324-2337,共14页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300101,2016YFD03001010);国家自然科学基金(31971849);中国农业科学院农业科技创新工程、国家现代农业产业技术体系、宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划(2018BBF02018)。

摘　　要：【目的】在宁夏地区不同播期条件下,对不同脱水类型玉米品种籽粒含水率降至适宜机械粒收含水率的日期进行预测,为区域品种选择、适宜收获期的确定及低水分粒收技术提供支撑。【方法】本研究以38个主栽玉米品种为材料,以生理成熟期平均含水率(30.1%)和播种至生理成熟≥0℃的平均积温(3274℃·d)为指标,采用双向平均法将38个品种分为晚熟脱水慢(Ⅰ类)、早熟脱水慢(Ⅱ类)、早熟脱水快(Ⅲ类)和晚熟脱水快(Ⅳ类)4种类型,结合宁夏生产实际,在每类型品种中选择出生理成熟期籽粒含水率和积温需求居中的品种作为各类型的代表品种;采用Logistic Power非线性增长模型构建玉米品种脱水方程,结合近10年(2008—2017年)气象数据,分始播期、盛播期和终播期对各类型品种与区域热量资源进行定量匹配。【结果】适期早播可以争取162—230℃·d的积温。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ类品种由播种至籽粒水分降至25%所需积温分别为3615、3291、3138和3427℃·d,在宁夏北部和中部区域所有类型品种均可满足含水率降至25%的要求,在南部山区,Ⅲ类品种在始播期和盛播期播种也能基本满足。4类品种籽粒水分降至16%所需积温依次为4321、3816、3633和4024℃·d,其中,早熟脱水快的Ⅲ类品种,在宁夏北部区域于始播期—终播期播种含水率均可降低至16%;在中部地区始播期和盛播期播种积温也可得到满足。【结论】在宁夏地区,通过合理配置区域热量资源和脱水类型不同的品种,采用早播种植技术,可以实现高质量的玉米机械粒收,其中,在宁夏北部与中部区域选择早熟、脱水快(Ⅲ类)的品种,可以较好地实现低水分收获,将区域热量资源转变为现实生产力。【Objective】 In this study, the date when the kernel moisture content of different types of maize variety dehydrates to a suitable level for mechanical grain harvesting was predicted for different sowing dates in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China, in order to provide a basis for the variety selection at the regional scale, the determination of a suitable harvest period, and the development of the mechanical harvesting of maize varieties with a low moisture content. 【Method】Using the average kernel moisture content at physiological maturity(30.1%) and the average accumulated temperature(3 274.3 °C·d) required for sowing to physiological maturity ≥0 ℃·d as indicators, 38 common maize varieties were classified into four types by the two-way average method: type Ⅰ varieties were characterized by late maturity and slow dehydration;Type Ⅱ were characterized by early maturity and slow dehydration;type Ⅲ varieties were characterized by early maturity and fast dehydration;type Ⅳ varieties were characterized by late maturity and fast dehydration. According to the production practice in Ningxia, the varieties with medium kernel moisture content and accumulated temperature requirement at physiological maturity stage were selected as the representative variety of each type. Then, the Logistic Power nonlinear growth model was used to predict the dehydration of the 38 maize varieties base on 10 years of recent meteorological data(2008-2017). Based on these data, the kernel moisture characteristics of each type of variety were predicted for various regions of Ningxia with different heat resources for three different sowing dates(initial sowing,peak sowing, and initial sowing). 【Result】The results showed that, initial sowing could obtain an accumulated temperature of 162.2-229.8 °C·d in crop growth more than that of final sowing. The accumulated temperatures required for kernel dehydration to a moisture content of 25% from sowing for Type Ⅰ, Type Ⅱ, Type Ⅲ, and Type Ⅳ cultivars were 3

关 键 词：宁夏 热量分布 籽粒脱水 品种类型 播种期 收获期预测 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]