中国大鲵种质资源保护与利用研究进展  

Recent progress in the germplasm resources conservation and utilization of the Chinese giant salamander(Andrias davidianus)

作　　者：蒋万胜 兰香英 王金秀 向红梅 田贺 罗庆华[2] JIANG Wansheng;LAN Xiangying;WANG Jinxiu;XIANG Hongmei;TIAN He;LUO Qinghua(Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Giant Salamander's Resource Protection and Comprehensive Utilization,Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering,Jishou University,Zhangjiajie 427000,China;College of Biology and Environmental Sciences,Jishou University,Jishou 416000,China)

机构地区：[1]吉首大学,大鲵资源保护与综合利用湖南省工程实验室,林产化工工程湖南省重点实验室,湖南张家界427000 [2]吉首大学生物资源与环境科学学院,湖南吉首416000

出　　处：《水产学报》2022年第4期683-705,共23页Journal of Fisheries of China

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(32060128);湖南省创新平台与人才计划(2020RC3057);质兰基金(2020040371B);湖南省研究生科研创新项目(CX20211071);吉首大学生态学双一流学科建设经费资助&研究生校级课题(Jdy20086,DNGC2020,DNGC2021)。

摘　　要：中国大鲵是全球现生最大的两栖动物,具有重要的科研、生态与经济价值。按照我国现行法律法规,野生大鲵是国家二级保护动物,但人工养殖子二代及之后子代可作为水产品或药食资源加以利用。作为一种我国特有且珍稀的水生动物,在兼具保护与利用的双重特性下,大鲵种质资源现状一直备受关注。然而,尽管有多重保护地位加身,其野生种群现状依然不容乐观,目前的自然保护区就地保护方式与人工增殖放流迁地保护方式在实施方式和效果层面均有待评估与优化。与之相对的是,随着人工繁养殖技术的逐步成熟,养殖规模的日益扩大,人工养殖大鲵逐渐成为一种较具市场前景的新兴养殖品种。然而,养殖过程中疾病防治仍是目前最大的瓶颈问题之一。大鲵属于高蛋白低脂肪类高端水产品,其蕴含的生物活性成分和功效正在逐步被揭示。受市场供需、产业发展与科研投入的影响,目前其养殖规模仍然较小,产品开发利用的广度和深度仍亟待加强。本文基于前人研究结果和团队的工作实践,从大鲵基本生物学及栖息地特征、遗传多样性、种质资源保护、人工繁殖与疾病防治、营养活性成分与产业化利用等方面对其种质资源保护与利用进行了综合概述,总结成功经验,指出存在问题,以期为未来针对这一特有珍稀物种的种质资源研究、保护方案制订、开发与可持续利用以及科普宣传等方面提供重要参考。The Chinese giant salamander(Andrias davidianus)is the largest extant amphibian species in the world,with significant scientific,ecological and economi values.According to the Chinese law,wild populations of A.davidianus are treated as the classⅡstate protected species,while the second and subsequent generations of captive-bred A.davidianus can be utilized as aquatic products or resources for the food and pharmaceutical industry.As one of the endemic and rare animals in China that possess both conservation and utilization values,the process about germplasm resources of A.davidianus has raised considerable concern.Although with multiple conservative status,the current situation of wild A.davidianus is still unoptimistic.The present practices and effects on the conservation of A.davidianus through in-situ conservation in terms of nature reserves and ex-situ conservation by artificial enhancement and translocation are yet to be evaluated.In contrast,with the increasing development of artificial culture and expanding of the husbandry scales,the captive-bred A.davidianus has become one of the new aquaculture species with good market prospects.However,the disease control is still one of the bottleneck problems during the process of captive breeding.A.davidianus is one of the high-valued aquaculture species with high protein and low fat,and additionally,its bioactive substances and efficacies are being revealed gradually.However,by restrictions of the market,industry,and the input of scientific research,the scale of captive A.davidianus is still very limited,thus the scope and depth of its utilization need to be greatly strengthened.Based on the studies from previous papers and the practices from our team,in this study we reviewed the conservation and utilization of the germplasm resources of A.davidianus,from the aspects of basic biology,habitat characteristics,genetic diversity,conservation,captive breeding,disease,nutrition,bioactive substances,industrial utilization,etc.By summarizing the successful experiences an

关 键 词：中国大鲵 遗传多样性 种质资源 人工繁养殖 疾病 产业利用 

分 类 号：S917.4[农业科学—水产科学]