2020年中国狂犬病流行特征分析  

Epidemiological characteristics of rabies in China,2020

作　　者：刘敏[1,2] 刘铮然 陶晓燕[2] 朱武洋[2] Liu Min;Liu Zhengran;Tao Xiaoyan;Zhu Wuyang(School of Public Health,Baotou Medical College,Baotou 014040,Inner Mongolia,China;Key Laboratory of Biosafety of National Health Commission,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Beijing 102206,China)

机构地区：[1]包头医学院公共卫生学院,内蒙古包头014040 [2]中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所,北京102206

出　　处：《疾病监测》2022年第5期609-612,共4页Disease Surveillance

基　　金：2021年内蒙古自治区高等学校科学重点项目(No.NJZZ21047);国家科技重大专项(No.2018ZX10713002,2018ZX10734404)。

摘　　要：目的分析2020年我国狂犬病流行分布特征,为下一阶段防控政策的制定提供科学依据。方法收集“中国疾病预防控制信息系统”中2020年狂犬病疫情数据和国家级监测点数据,采用描述性流行病学方法进行分析。结果2020年全国21个省(自治区、直辖市)报告狂犬病病例202例,报告发病率较2019年下降30.34%。我国狂犬病疫情主要分布在中南部地区,湖南(59例)、河南(27例)、四川(20例)、江苏(17例)报告发病数排前4位,共占全国发病总数的60.89%。8月为狂犬病全年发病最高月份,4月为最低月份。狂犬病病例以农民为主,男女性别比为1.93∶1,中老年病例居多。本研究共收集85例病例个案用于分析,结果显示致伤动物以犬为主(97%),近60%致伤犬为自养犬或邻居家养犬,多数通过主动袭击和咬伤致人感染;65%的病例为Ⅲ级暴露,上肢暴露居多,66%伤者的伤口未处理;8例Ⅲ级暴露者接种了疫苗(其中5人注射了被动免疫制剂),但未完成全程疫苗接种即发病死亡;病例潜伏期大多在1年以内。结论2020年狂犬病疫情明显下降,保持13年持续下降的良好态势。湖南、河南等省份疫情较突出,应重点防控。加强犬只尤其是农村犬只的管理和免疫工作,弥补猫的管理漏洞,是保障防控成果的根本措施。Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of rabies in China in 2020 and provide scientific evidence for the development of prevention and control policies in the next stage.Methods The incidence data of rabies from National Notifiable Disease Reporting System(NNDRS)in 2020 and the national surveillance data were collected for a descriptive analysis.Results A total of 202 cases of rabies cases were reported in 21 provinces(municipalities and autonomous regions)in 2020,and the incidence rate decreased by 30.34%compared with 2019.The rabies cases were mainly distributed in the central and southern China,the cases reported in 4 provinces with high case number,i.e.Hunan(59 cases),Henan(27 cases),Sichuan(20 cases)and Jiangsu(17 cases),accounted for 60.89%of the total cases in China.The incidence was highest in August,and lowest in April.The majority of rabies cases were farmers,and the male-to-female ratio of cases was 1.93∶1,and the majority of the cases were middle-aged and elderly.The data of 85 cases were collected for case analysis.The results showed that dogs were the main animals attacking human(97%),nearly 60%of the dogs were domestic dogs,including the self-raised and neighbor-raised,and most of them caused human injuries through active attack and bite.Up to 65%of the cases had gradeⅢexposure,the upper limbs was the main exposure site,and 66%of the wounds were untreated;Eight patients with gradeⅢexposure were vaccinated(5 of them were injected with passive immune agents),but they died before completing the whole course of vaccination;The incubation period of most cases was less than one year.Conclusion The incidence of rabies continued to decrease significantly in 2020 based on the consecutive decline for 13 years,but the incidences in Hunan,Henan and other provinces were still higher,to which close attention needs to be paid.It is necessary to strengthen the management and immunization of dogs,especially rural dogs,and conduct the management of cats to maintain the achievements in the pr

关 键 词：狂犬病 流行特征 暴露 监测 

分 类 号：R211[医药卫生—中医学] R512.99