残障者注意义务标准的合宪性解释——以民事过失侵权纠纷为中心  

Constitutionality Interpretation of the Standard of Duty of Care on People with Disabilities:--Taking Civil Negligence Tort Disputes as the Center

作　　者：朱应平[1] 宋奕辰 Zhu Yingping;Song Yichen(School of law,East China University of Political Science and Law,Shanghai 200042)

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学法律学院,上海200042

出　　处：《河南财经政法大学学报》2022年第4期20-34,共15页Journal of Henan University of Economics and Law

基　　金：2021年国家社会科学基金重大项目“习近平法治思想中的民生保障理论研究”(项目编号:21&ZD190)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在民事过失侵权纠纷中,司法实践与民法理论对于残障者应当负担何种程度的注意义务标准均存在明显分歧。运用合宪性解释的方法,可以通过行动自由的消极面向否定残障者应负担高注意义务的观点,再结合国家负有促进残障者各项权利充分实现的积极义务以及社会主义核心价值观的要求,得以初步划定残障者应当承担与其通常认知及控制能力相适应的、低于普通人的注意义务标准。为了调和双方当事人间的基本权利冲突,在基础注意义务标准之上分别为残障者与普通人引入“一般理性人标准”与“意识到相对人可能为残障者而更加谨慎”作为附加标准的二重注意义务标准体系,能够为相关纠纷的妥善处理提供清晰的指引。In civil negligence tort disputes,there are obvious differences in the standards of the duty of care that people with disabilities should bear both in judicial practice and civil law theory.The method of constitutionality interpretation can be used to deny the view that people with disabilities should bear the higher duty of care through the negative aspect of freedom of movement.Combined with the positive obligation of the nationality to promote the full realization of the rights of people with disabilities and the requirements of socialist core values,it can be preliminary determined that people with disabilities should only bear the lower standard of attention obligations than ordinary people,which are appropriate to their cognitive and control abilities.In order to reconcile the conflict of basic rights between the two parties,a double duty of care standard system that can provide clear guidance for the proper handling of related disputes has been proposed.This dual standard system is formed by adding the additional standards of“reasonable person standard”and“realizing that the opposite person may be people with disabilities and thus be more cautious”to people with disabilities and ordinary people respectively.

关 键 词：残障者 过失侵权 注意义务 合宪性解释 基本权利冲突 

分 类 号：D921[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]