What is the difference between marine and limnetic-terrestrial associations of nematodes with invertebrates?  

作　　者：Alexei V.TCHESUNOV Viatcheslav N.IVANENKO 

机构地区：[1]Department of Invertebrate Zoology,Faculty of Biology,M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University,Moscow,Russia

出　　处：《Integrative Zoology》2022年第4期481-510,共30页整合动物学（英文版）

基　　金：The reported study was funded by RFBR and CITMA according to the research project No.18-54-34007;The review was prepared within the framework of the state assignments of M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University No.121032300121-0 and 121032300117-3.

摘　　要：Zoo-and phyto-parasitic nematodes of the order Rhabditida and zooparasites of the subclass Dorylaimia are well known,due largely to their medical,veterinarian and agricultural significance.However,there have been many switches from a free-living to a symbiotic(including parasitism)mode of existence in the evolutionary trajectories of various nematode clades.Here,we attempt to summarize all known cases of symbioses(from commensalism to true parasitism)between marine nematodes representing nonparasitic taxa and various larger animals,ranging from protists to vertebrates.Most cases are of nematodes relating to dwelling on crustaceans(ectocommensalism)or living in the body cavity and internal organs of various invertebrates(endoparasitism or parasitoidism).Ectocommensal species may differ from their free-living relatives in their longer filiform bodies and enlarged ventral and caudal glands,which may be interpreted as adaptations for the purpose of fixation on the body surface of a motile host.Endoparasitic species are characterized by deep anatomical modification,including rudimentation of the alimentary tract and hypertrophy of reproductive organs.Unlike terrestrial and limnetic invertebrates,marine invertebrates have almost no intestinal nematode dwellers.The evolutionary trajectories of nematode dwellers of marine and nonmarine invertebrates are compared.

关 键 词：COMMENSALISM marine invertebrates NEMATODA PARASITISM SYMBIOSIS 

分 类 号：Q95[生物学—动物学]