汉代官吏升迁中的“超迁”现象  

The Phenomenon of“Exceptional Promotion”in the Promotion of Officials in the Han Dynasty

作　　者：蒋波 JIANG Bo(Biquan Academy,Xiangtan University,Xiangtan 411105,Hunan,China)

机构地区：[1]湘潭大学碧泉书院,湖南湘潭411105

出　　处：《咸阳师范学院学报》2022年第3期1-7,共7页Journal of Xianyang Normal University

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目(17ZDA180)。

摘　　要：汉代官吏升迁除逐级而进外,还存在“超迁”的特殊形态。不按秩等次第、大幅度越级而迁,或打破任期限制、短期内晋升,是超迁的基本特征。当时有因功劳、才德突出获得超迁的,也存在一些因皇帝宠幸、原任职经历、职位性质等因素破格升迁者。尹湾汉墓简牍等出土资料显示,超迁不限于京官或地方郡县长吏,也向郡县低级属吏甚至更基层的胥吏开放。汉代的超迁是我国官制史上一次重大突破,有利于不拘一格用人,部分实现了治吏与治民的两者兼得。然而,由于汉代尚未形成完善的超迁追踪问责机制,以及受限于皇权等,其效果还不尽如人意。In addition to the gradual promotion of officials in the Han Dynasty,there was also a special form of“exceptional promotion”.Not being promoted in order of ranking,or not being promoted in accordance with the terms of office,was a basic feature of exceptional promotion within a short period of time by breaking the term limit.There were cases of exceptional promotion due to feats,prominent talents and moral reputaion,and there were also cases of exceptional promotion due to reasons such as the emperor’s favor,service experience,and the nature of the position.The unearthed documents from the Yinwan tomb of the Han Dynasty show that exceptional promotion was not limited to Beijing officials or local county officials,but was also open to lower-level county officials and even to the more junior officials.Exceptional promotion was a major breakthrough in the history of China’s ancient bureaucracy,which was conducive to the selection of talents in an unconventional manner,and had also achieved a virtuous circle of administering officials and people.On the other hand,owing to the fact that the Han Dynasty had not yet developed a perfect tracking and accountability mechanism with regard to exceptional promotion limited by the emperor’s authority,its effect was notyet satisfactory.

关 键 词：汉代 超迁 尹湾汉简 

分 类 号：K234[历史地理—历史学]