人权规范的扩散与异化  

The Diffusion and Alienation of Human Rights Norms

作　　者：山秀蕾 刘昌明[1] Shan Xiulei;Liu Changming

机构地区：[1]山东大学政治学与公共管理学院,山东青岛266237

出　　处：《国际论坛》2022年第4期85-108,158,共25页International Forum

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“全球治理新态势与中国全球治理能力建设研究”(项目编号:20AZD105)阶段性成果;山东大学政管学院研究生科研基金资助。

摘　　要：人权是人所具有的“拥有权利的权利”,构成了现代国际社会的一项基本规范。然而,人权的规范性与其在实践中的物质性存在着矛盾,作为规范的人权会被某些国家利用,进而成为政治、经济抑或是意识形态斗争的工具。文章提出了“规范异化”的概念来解释这一现象。规范扩散的既有研究存在着社会建构主义转向,对物质性因素有所忽视。基于此,规范异化是规范的社会性与物质性的结合,是规范倡导者的价值观偏好与利己化目标互构的产物。在人权规范的扩散过程中,人权规范被以西方国家为主的规范倡导者所异化:从价值观偏好出发,人权规范从国际社会中的集体期望异化为自由主义价值观偏好主导下的规范,基于地方文明与价值观的本土化人权规范与实践被忽视甚至批判;从利己化目标出发,人权从国际社会共同利益驱使下的道德标准异化为服务于部分西方国家的一种工具,为自由市场和全球自由主义霸权提供了合法性。As the “right to have rights” that people are entitled to, human rights constitute a basic norm of modern international society. However, since there is inconsistency between human rights norms and their materiality, human rights have been misused by some countries as a tool for political, economic, or ideological struggle. This article puts forward the concept of “norm alienation” to explain this phenomenon. While the social, constructivist turn in existing research on norm diffusion has somehow ignored material factors, this article argues that norm alienation, which is a combination of the social and material properties of norms, is the product of the mutual construction of the norm advocate’s values and preferences and its self-interested goals. In the process of their diffusion, human rights norms were distorted by norm advocates consisting mostly of Western countries: based on their value preferences, Western countries substituted norms informed by liberal values for the international society’s collective expectations, causing localized human rights norms and practices based on local civilization and values to be ignored or even criticized. Due to the West’s self-interested moves, human rights have degenerated from the moral standards expressing the common aspirations of the international society into a tool at the service of some western countries, which can be used to provide cover for free markets and global liberal hegemony.

关 键 词：人权 规范扩散 规范异化 

分 类 号：D81[政治法律—国际关系]