“一揽子交易”为何难以达成“最佳共识”——多边国际造法的实践难题  

Why“Package Deal”is Difficult to Reach“Best Consensus”——Practical Problems in Multilateral International Law Making

作　　者：赵骏[1] 孟令浩 Zhao Jun;Meng Linghao

机构地区：[1]浙江大学光华法学院,杭州310008

出　　处：《探索与争鸣》2022年第5期102-115,179,共15页Exploration and Free Views

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“坚持统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治重大问题研究”(21JZD031)。

摘　　要：在国际谈判中,“一揽子交易”是一种经常用来促成妥协和达成共识的谈判方法。长期以来,“一揽子交易”在国际造法中被普遍运用,彰显出强大的制度价值与内在生命力。国际造法中的“一揽子交易”既对条约起到积极的塑造作用,能够维护条约的稳定性、完整性并影响条约的解释与适用,又在一定程度上加剧了条约的模糊性,容易引发国际争端以及阻碍条约的渐进发展。总体来看,“一揽子交易”虽然不是国际造法的最佳状态,但是在当前的国际关系背景下是比较可行且值得推崇的国际造法方式,体现了互谅互让的国际合作原则与协商一致的精神。在“百年未有之大变局”下,“一揽子交易”对中国参与国际造法具有重要的现实价值,能够促进中国的主张融入国际法体系和助力中国开展国际斗争与合作,不过同时也要注意防范其可能给中国权益带来的消极影响。“Package deal”as a tactic is often used in international negotiations with the purpose of enhancing compromise and consensus.For a long time,extensive application of“package deal”in international lawmaking has indicated the tactic’s strong institutional value and internal vitality.The“package deal”in international lawmaking plays a positive role in the formation of treaties,which can maintain their stability and integrity as well as contribute to their interpretation and application.Notwithstanding,the“package deal”to some extent,blurs the treaty language,which triggers international differences and obstructs the progressive development of treaties.In general,“package deal”is not the optimal status of international lawmaking,but it is a relatively feasible and commendable way under the current international relations because the tactic essentially embodies the principle of international cooperation of mutual understanding and the spirit of consensus.In the current context,“package deal”has important practical value for China to engage in international lawmaking.It can promote the integration of China’s propositions into the international legal system and help China carry out international struggle and cooperation.However,it is important to guard against possible negative impacts on China’s rights and interests.

关 键 词：国际造法 一揽子交易 条约保留 非缔约国 

分 类 号：D99[政治法律—国际法学]