押印为凭——官、私文书中的印信、签押与防伪  

Seal as a Proof——The Seal,Signature and Security being used on the Official and Private Documents in Ancient Times

作　　者：宋小明 Song Xiaoming(Museum of Shanghai Lixin University of Accounting and Finance,Shanghai China,201620)

机构地区：[1]上海立信会计金融学院博物馆(会计文化研究中心),中国上海201620

出　　处：《地方文化研究》2022年第2期9-26,共18页Local Culture Research

基　　金：袁为鹏教授主持的国家社科基金重大课题“明清以来我国传统工商业账簿史料整理与研究(1500-1949)”(项目编号:21&ZD078)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：印信与签押作为一种宣示“主权”、昭示信用,兼具防伪功能的技术手段,在人类社会信用关系的构建与维护中具有重要作用,并在长期演变中逐渐演化为一种特殊的印信文化。其源远流长,普遍地根植于世界各种文明的社会经济生活之中。本文在简要论述印章历史的基础上,结合考古发现和相关存世资料,较为系统地阐释印信、签押、花押以及晋商印章文化的历史演进及具体表现,分析总结其发展演进的一些基本特点,并对与之相关的防伪问题进行了初步讨论。文章以中国会计博物馆藏契约实物资料为基础,讨论了民间传统契约中“按手印”的情况,认为按手印并非如人们所认为的那样是旧时民间一种极为普遍的押契方式,而是仅用于人身买卖以及一些特定情况下的签押,尤其是卖主为不识字的下层民众的情况。Seal and signature,as a kind of technical means to declare sovereignty and credit with anti-counterfeiting function,play an important role in the construction and maintenance of the credit relationship in human society,and gradually evolve into a special seal culture in the long-term evolution.It has a long history and is generally rooted in the social and economic life of all kinds of civilizations in the world.On the basis of briefly discussing the history of seals,combined with archaeological findings and relevant existing materials,this paper systematically explains the historical evolution and concrete manifestations of seal,signature,freestyle signature and the seal culture of Jin merchants.Some basic characteristics of its development and evolution are analyzed and some related anti-counterfeiting problems are discussed.Based on the contracts collected by the China Accounting Museum,the application of traditional folk"fingerprints"in the contract was being discussed.It is discovered that the fingerprints are not being used as what people think as a kind of extremely common and old folk way,but only for the personal business,as well as some specific cases of sign,especially the seller for the lower illiterate populace.

关 键 词：签押 印章文化 花押 文书 防伪 

分 类 号：G122[文化科学]