延迟退休年龄立法研究  

Research on Legislation of Delaying Retirement Age

作　　者：刘诚 LIU Cheng(College of Philosophy,Law&Political Science,Shanghai Normal University,Shanghai 200234)

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学哲学与法政学院,上海200234

出　　处：《工会理论研究》2022年第4期4-18,共15页Labour Union Studies

摘　　要：延迟退休年龄立法的理论依据是退休权理论和养老保险权理论。退休权与养老保险权都是权利,不是义务,但这类权利属于社会权,是限制权利:退休权受基于年龄的劳动能力衰退规律限制,表现为法定退休年龄限制;养老保险权受基于代际公平的养老保险缴费义务限制,表现为法定缴费年限限制。退休权与工作权存在内在张力,具有相互替代性,具备劳动能力的时间与预期寿命正相关,工作时间与享受养老保险待遇时间负相关。延迟退休立法的事实依据是,养老保险缴费时间不变而预期寿命延长导致养老保险缴费时间与享受养老保险待遇时间之比下降,养老保险抚养比降低。现行退休年龄的主要问题是,法定退休年龄远远低于劳动能力衰退到标准劳动能力之下的年龄,导致老年抚养比急剧升高,造成代际不公平;强制性退休不仅导致劳动者的正规就业权被剥夺,也造成人力资源浪费。建议全国人大常委会尽快修改《社会保险法》,明确退休权的社会权性质,对最低退休年龄、正常退休年龄以及免缴养老保险费年龄分别作出规定。The theoretical basis for the legislation of delayed retirement age is the theory of retirement rights and the theory of pension insurance rights.The right to retirement and the right to pension insurance are both rights and not obligations,but they are social rights and restricted rights;the right to retirement is restricted by the law of declining working ability based on age,which is expressed as the statutory retirement age limit;the right to pension insurance is restricted by the obligation to make pension insurance contributions based on inter-generational equity,which is expressed as the statutory limit of contribution years.The right to retirement and the right to work are in inherent tension and have mutual substitution;the time of having working ability is positively related to life expectancy,and the time of working is negatively related to the time of enjoying pension insurance benefits.The main problem of the current retirement age is that the statutory retirement age is far below the age when the working capacity declines to below the standard working capacity,resulting in a sharp increase in the old-age dependency ratio and inter-generational inequality;mandatory retirement not only deprives workers of their formal employment rights,but also causes a waste of human resources.It is recommended that the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress amend the Social Insurance Law as soon as possible to clarify the nature of the right to retirement as a social right,stipulate the minimum retirement age,the normal retirement age and the age of exemption from paying pension insurance premiums.

关 键 词：延迟退休 退休权 养老保险权 预期寿命 代际公平 

分 类 号：D922.554[政治法律—民商法学]