清代新疆“官营”农业转轨路径研究  

The Transformation Way of Government-operated Agricultural Management of Xinjiang in Qing Dynasty

作　　者：刘壮壮[1] Liu Zhuangzhuang(Research Center for Chinese Agricultural History and Culture,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学中国农业历史文化研究中心,农业部传统农业遗产重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《古今农业》2022年第2期57-65,共9页Ancient and Modern Agriculture

基　　金：教育部人文社科一般项目“乾嘉道时期北疆农牧社会的协同发展研究”(20YJC770023)。

摘　　要：通过对清代新疆“官营”农业的兴衰过程的考察,发现清代新疆“官营”农业生产是为经略边疆而实行的一种国家农业经营行为。通过这种农业经营,国家可以在最大程度上获得农业产品,以支持其政治军事活动对粮食的需求。这种“非常态”历史条件下产生的国家经济行为,随着边疆社会状况的日益常态化,其经营的弊端和面临的困境也在日益加深。清朝统治者为改变新疆“官营”农业的经营困境,采取了改屯升科、携眷屯垦、遣犯为民、裁屯归民、渐变转轨、变革营屯、变革土地制度等转轨措施。“官营”农业的转轨促进了新疆自耕农经济的发展和壮大,也有利于边疆的稳定和经济的发展。Agricultural operation is one of the important measures adopted in Xinjiang region before and after the Qing Dynasty unified Xinjiang.Through the comprehensive studies on the origin,development,decline and historical contribution of“government-operated”agriculture,it is found that“government-operated”agriculture in Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty is one of the national agricultural work actions implemented upon the frontier under the“abnormal”historical environment.With this kind of agricultural management,the state can get agricultural products to the maximum extent to support its political and military demand for food.With the increasing normalization of the social conditions in the frontier,the drawbacks and difficulties of this national economic action,which emerged as the“abnormal”historical conditions required,also deepen by the day.In order to change the management puzzledom of“government-operated”agriculture in Xinjiang,rulers of Qing Dynasty adopt some transformation measures such as“gai tun sheng ke”(改屯升科)、“carrying family of cultivation”、“qian fan wei min”(遣犯为民)、“cai tun gui min”(裁屯归民),“gradual change transformation”,“land system change”.The transition of“government-operated”agriculture not only promotes the development and growth of the Yeoman Economy in Xinjiang,but also is conducive to the stability of the frontier and economic development.

关 键 词：清代 新疆 “官营”农业 经营困境 转轨路径 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学] F329[历史地理—中国史]