体系视角下《民法典》中离婚损害赔偿的规范构造  

The Normative Construction of Divorce Damages in the Civil Code from the System Perspective

作　　者：徐耀铭 刘征峰[1] Xu Yaoming;Liu Zhengfeng(Zhongnan University of Economics and Law,Wuhan 430073,Hubei,China)

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学法学院,湖北武汉430073

出　　处：《贵州省党校学报》2022年第4期98-107,共10页Journal of Guizhou Provincial Party School

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“体系视角下婚姻家庭关系法律适用问题研究”(项目批准号:18CFX075)阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：离婚损害赔偿责任,旨在保护婚姻家庭之圆满利益,填补无过错方因离婚而遭受的损害,系法律特别规定的责任,与侵权责任本属两轨,互不干涉。过错是否“重大”,应以目标行为与法定情形进行利益相似性比较,以足以动摇婚姻家庭稳定性为必要。无过错方之非重大过错虽不影响权利行使,但会对损害结果有相抵效果。离婚损害赔偿的范围包括精神损害与物质损害(信赖利益损失),这与侵权责任的赔偿范围并无交涉,同时并不排斥当事人在离婚协议中对赔偿数额进行合理约定。“过错”在离婚救济体系中可经程度划分而呈现出轻重不同的层次状态,并被法律赋予不同评价,从而自体系上厘清离婚损害赔偿制度与夫妻离婚共同财产分割照顾无过错方原则的适用边界。诚然,实务中夫妻双方在离婚纠纷方面会有更为复杂的过错配置,此时便需要区分情况借助叠加或抵减的评价方法以保证救济周全与公平。The liability for divorce damages compensation is a liability arising from divorce,aiming at protecting the interests of the perfection of marriage and family and making up for the interest losses of the no-fault spouse caused by divorce.It is a liability specially stipulated by law,which is a different kind of liability from tort liability,and these two liabilities do not interfere with each other.Whether the fault is a“major”one or not depends on the similarity of interest between the target behavior and the legal situation,and a major one entails the necessary element of being enough to impact the stability of marriage and family.Although the non-major fault of the innocent party does not affect the exercise of rights,it will counterbalance the damage result.The scope of compensation for divorce damages includes mental damage and material damage(loss of reliance interest),which is not related to the scope of compensation for tort liability.And the parties may make an agreement reasonably on the amount of compensation in the divorce agreement.In the system of divorce relief,fault can be divided into different levels by seriousness degree and be given different evaluation by law,so as to clarify from the system perspective the application boundary between the divorce damages compensation system and the principle of taking care of the innocent party in the division of community property in divorce.Indeed,in practice,there will be more complicated allocation of fault in divorce disputes.In those cases,it is necessary to use the evaluation method of aggregation or offsetting depending on the circumstances to ensure the comprehensiveness and fairness of remedy.

关 键 词：离婚损害赔偿 侵权责任 重大过错 赔偿范围 照顾无过错方 

分 类 号：D923.9[政治法律—民商法学]