敦煌莫高窟北凉三窟开凿次第述论  

On the Excavation Sequence of the Three Northern Liang Caves at Mogao in Dunhuang

作　　者：赵蓉[1] ZHAO Rong(Archaeological Research Institute,Dunhuang Academy,Dunhuang,Gansu 736200)

机构地区：[1]敦煌研究院考古研究所,甘肃敦煌736200

出　　处：《敦煌研究》2022年第2期67-80,共14页Dunhuang Research

摘　　要：北凉三窟特指莫高窟第268、272、275窟,三个石窟毗邻相依,被学界普遍认为开凿于十六国的北凉时期。北凉三窟彼此之间的关系,是属于统一规划还是渐次开凿,一直未有相关的具体研究。本文尝试利用石窟考古报告数据,分析北凉三窟的空间占位和空间改造现象。同时,将三个石窟中存在的重修重绘纳入考古层位学研究视野,动态把握由这些现象反映出的石窟本体受到干预的时间递进关系,进而对北凉三窟的开凿次第进行综合分析和论述。最后得出结论:北凉三窟目前的面貌是渐次开凿的结果,第268窟前半部最先开凿,其次开凿第275窟及第268窟后半部,再次是第272窟,最后对第268窟进行了扩建,三个窟相继进行开凿、扩建,并很有可能于西凉至北凉统治敦煌时期渐次完成。This paper discusses the construction sequence of caves 268,272 and 275,the three earliest caves at Mogao also known as the three Northern Liang caves,which are presumed to be have been built during the Northern Liang dynasty in the Sixteen Kingdoms period.No research has been done about the relationship connecting the three caves that might elucidate whether they were built based on a unified plan or built one after the other.According to the data provided in Archaeological Report on Mogao Caves 266—275,and considering the fact that later caves were always built to allow for pre-existing features,this paper analyzes the layout of the three caves and discusses the architectural modifications and overlapping layers of paintings in search of a comprehensive understanding of the excavation process that created these caves.This analysis reaches the conclusion that the three caves were made sequentially,and that the front part of cave 268 was first created,then cave 275 and the rear part of cave 268,and finally cave 272.Various expansions to the caves were made in the same sequence and the caves were likely finished gradually in the Western Liang and Northern Liang periods.

关 键 词：北凉三窟 避让关系 扩建 重修 重绘 开凿次第 

分 类 号：K879.29[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]