中性词语义正向偏移的类型和动因  

The positive semantic shift of neutral words:Type and motivation

作　　者：江蓝生[1] JIANG Lansheng

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院语言研究所,北京

出　　处：《中国语文》2022年第4期387-400,510,共15页Studies of the Chinese Language

摘　　要：中性词语义偏移的类型有构式内语义偏移(甲类)和构式外语义偏移(乙类)两种类型。甲类构式内的动词为“有、是、合乎”义的肯定性评价动词,在构式中起增量作用,因而使中性名词语义向正向偏移。乙类非构式内中性名词和动词的语义偏移一律为正向偏移,具有极强的主观性。其中的中性名词多是“标准、规则”类抽象名词,直接由概念义的N转为“合乎N”的形容词义;其中的中性动词一般都具有较强的目的义,直接由V转为“能V”或“V的效果好”。甲乙两类的语义偏移发生在不同的句法条件下,但它们都跟“具有、合乎、能够”等语义密切关联,“如意原则”是甲乙两类语义偏移的根本动因。中性词语义正向偏移现象的研究具有理论和实践两方面的意义。The semantic shift of neutral words include two types:those caused by the formation of certain constructions(type Ⅰ),and those independent from the construction(type Ⅱ).In type Ⅰ,the main verb is usually a positive evaluative word such as you(有,to have),shi(是,to be)and hehu(合乎,to fit).These words would cause neutral nouns to become more positive or negative depending on their position on the continuum.In type Ⅱ,neutral words often present positive semantic shift by themselves with strong subjectivity.The nominal ones are often abstract nouns such as biaozhun(标准,standards)and guize(规则,principles),indicating“to fit/satisfy the N”rather than“N”.The verbal ones,on the other hand,usually express a relatively strong purpose,indicating“to be able to V”or“to be skilled at V”instead of“V”.Although type Ⅰ and Ⅱ are caused by different sources,both of them are closely related with the meaning of“to possess,to fit in,to be able to”.The fundamental motivation of such semantic shifts could be accounted for by the Pollyanna Hypothesis,or the Ruyi(如意,to satisfy one's desire)Principle.

关 键 词：中性词 语义偏移 适量准则 典型范畴 主观化 如意原则 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语] H136