指涉方式与语言整体观视角下的名称理论  

A Name Theory from the Perspective of the Way of Referring and Language Holism

作　　者：周北海 ZHOU Beihai

机构地区：[1]北京大学外国哲学研究所 [2]北京大学哲学系

出　　处：《哲学分析》2022年第3期137-150,199,共15页Philosophical Analysis

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“基于多科学视域的认知研究”(项目编号:12&ZD119)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：关于名称和指称的关系有两大对立的名称理论,描述指称论和直接指称论。前者认为名称是通过涵义或特征描述指涉事物的,后者认为名称如同贴标签一样直接指涉事物,没有涵义或特征描述。二者都首先从专名开始研究,并随后将自己的理论推广到通名。二者意见分歧的焦点在于指涉方式,却围绕专名和通名是否有涵义而争论,偏离了问题的核心。根据指涉方式,名称可以分为直接名称和间接名称。任何一个语言都有自己的词汇系统,其中有初始名称和定义名称。此二者分别与直接名称和间接名称相对应。直接指称论和描述指称论分别是关于直接名称和间接名称的名称理论。围绕专名或通名是否有涵义的争论是个误区。这一情况的形成有历史原因,今天名称理论应该走出历史的局限性。There are two opposing theories of names regarding the relationship between names and reference-descriptive theory of reference and direct reference theory.The former argues that names refer tothings through sense or feature description,while the latter argues that names directly refer to things likelabeling without using sense or feature description.Both theories start with proper names and then extend theirtheories to common names.The key difference lies in the two ways of referring,but the debate revolves aroundthe problem whether the proper name and common name have senses,which deviates from the heart of the issue.Names can be divided into direct and indirect ones according to the ways of referring.Every language has its ownlexical system with primitive and defined names,which correspond to direct and indirect names respectively.Direct reference theory and descriptive theory of reference are theories of name about direct and indirect namesrespectively.It is a misunderstanding that whether proper or common names have senses,and its formation hashistorical reasons.Today,the theory of names should go beyond its historical limitations.

关 键 词：描述指称论 直接指称论 指涉方式 初始名称 定义名称 

分 类 号：B[哲学宗教]